Color-Pure Violet-Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Layered Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplates.

Violet electroluminescence is rare in both inorganic and organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Low-cost and room-temperature solution-processed lead halide perovskites with high-efficiency and color-tunable photoluminescence are promising for LEDs. Here, we report room-temperature color-pure violet LEDs based on a two-dimensional lead halide perovskite material, namely, 2-phenylethylammonium (C6H5CH2CH2NH3(+), PEA) lead bromide [(PEA)2PbBr4]. The natural quantum confinement of two-dimensional layered perovskite (PEA)2PbBr4 allows for photoluminescence of shorter wavelength (410 nm) than its three-dimensional counterpart. By converting as-deposited polycrystalline thin films to micrometer-sized (PEA)2PbBr4 nanoplates using solvent vapor annealing, we successfully integrated this layered perovskite material into LEDs and achieved efficient room-temperature violet electroluminescence at 410 nm with a narrow bandwidth. This conversion to nanoplates significantly enhanced the crystallinity and photophysical properties of the (PEA)2PbBr4 samples and the external quantum efficiency of the violet LED. The solvent vapor annealing method reported herein can be generally applied to other perovskite materials to increase their grain size and, ultimately, improve the performance of optoelectronic devices based on perovskite materials.

[1]  Qingfeng Dong,et al.  Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination , 2015, Nature Photonics.

[2]  C. Brabec,et al.  Detection of X-ray photons by solution-processed lead halide perovskites , 2015, Nature Photonics.

[3]  B. Hsieh,et al.  Energy level bending and alignment at the interface between Ca and a phenylene vinylene oligomer , 1996 .

[4]  Stephen R Forrest,et al.  Deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with very high brightness and efficiency. , 2016, Nature materials.

[5]  S. Reineke Complementary LED technologies. , 2015, Nature materials.

[6]  N. Kitazawa Excitons in two-dimensional layered perovskite compounds: (C6H5C2H4NH3)2Pb(Br,I)4 and (C6H5C2H4NH3)2Pb(Cl,Br)4 , 1997 .

[7]  V. Bulović,et al.  Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies , 2012, Nature Photonics.

[8]  Feng Gao,et al.  Highly Efficient Perovskite Nanocrystal Light‐Emitting Diodes Enabled by a Universal Crosslinking Method , 2016, Advanced materials.

[9]  Felix Deschler,et al.  Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[10]  Richard H. Friend,et al.  Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes , 2015, Science.

[11]  R. Friend,et al.  Blue-Green Color Tunable Solution Processable Organolead Chloride–Bromide Mixed Halide Perovskites for Optoelectronic Applications , 2015, Nano letters.

[12]  N. Kitazawa,et al.  Optical properties of natural quantum-well compounds (C6H5-CnH2n-NH3)2PbBr4 (n=1–4) , 2010 .

[13]  Hideyuki Kunugita,et al.  Influence of the image charge effect on excitonic energy structure in organic-inorganic multiple quantum well crystals , 2013 .

[14]  Tetsuo Tsutsui,et al.  Organic‐inorganic heterostructure electroluminescent device using a layered perovskite semiconductor (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4 , 1994 .

[15]  Qingfeng Dong,et al.  Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 μm in solution-grown CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals , 2015, Science.

[16]  Henry J. Snaith,et al.  Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition , 2013, Nature.

[17]  Hong-Yan. Yuan,et al.  CE detector based on light‐emitting diodes , 2007, Electrophoresis.

[18]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Efficient Organic Electrophosphorescent White‐Light‐Emitting Device with a Triple Doped Emissive Layer , 2004 .

[19]  Yan Sun,et al.  Effects of Organic Moieties on Luminescence Properties of Organic–Inorganic Layered Perovskite-Type Compounds , 2014 .

[20]  M. Saba,et al.  Excited State Properties of Hybrid Perovskites. , 2016, Accounts of chemical research.

[21]  Chang-Lyoul Lee,et al.  Multicolored Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[22]  Sandeep Kumar Pathak,et al.  High Photoluminescence Efficiency and Optically Pumped Lasing in Solution-Processed Mixed Halide Perovskite Semiconductors. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[23]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Solvent Annealing of Perovskite‐Induced Crystal Growth for Photovoltaic‐Device Efficiency Enhancement , 2014, Advanced materials.

[24]  R. Friend,et al.  Built-in field electroabsorption spectroscopy of polymer light-emitting diodes incorporating a doped poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) hole injection layer , 1999 .

[25]  M. Koike,et al.  Development of high efficiency GaN-based multiquantum-well light-emitting diodes and their applications , 2002 .

[26]  V. Bulović,et al.  Blue Luminescence from (CdS)ZnS Core—Shell Nanocrystals. , 2004 .

[27]  Takashi Mukai,et al.  High‐power InGaN/GaN double‐heterostructure violet light emitting diodes , 1993 .

[28]  N. Wang,et al.  Interfacial Control Toward Efficient and Low‐Voltage Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[29]  Yang Yang,et al.  Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells , 2014, Science.

[30]  D. Mitzi,et al.  Inorganic Perovskites : Structural Versatility for Functional Materials Design , 2016 .

[31]  Yongbo Yuan,et al.  Non-wetting surface-driven high-aspect-ratio crystalline grain growth for efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells , 2015, Nature Communications.

[32]  Blaise J. Thompson,et al.  Solution growth of single crystal methylammonium lead halide perovskite nanostructures for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[33]  Henry J Snaith,et al.  Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. , 2015, Nature nanotechnology.

[34]  J. Keum,et al.  Perovskite Solar Cells with Near 100% Internal Quantum Efficiency Based on Large Single Crystalline Grains and Vertical Bulk Heterojunctions. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  Antoine Kahn,et al.  Fermi level, work function and vacuum level , 2016 .

[36]  David B. Mitzi,et al.  Templating and structural engineering in organic–inorganic perovskites , 2001 .

[37]  H. Zeng,et al.  Nanocrystals: Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Inorganic Perovskite Cesium Lead Halides (CsPbX3) (Adv. Mater. 44/2015) , 2015, Advanced materials.

[38]  Ruth Shinar,et al.  Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and OLED-based chemical and biological sensors: an overview , 2008 .

[39]  Wolfgang Schnick,et al.  A revolution in lighting. , 2015, Nature materials.

[40]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Enhancing the Brightness of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Based Green Light-Emitting Devices through the Interface Engineering with Perfluorinated Ionomer. , 2016, Nano letters.

[41]  M. Grätzel,et al.  Title: Long-Range Balanced Electron and Hole Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3 , 2017 .

[42]  Sang Il Seok,et al.  Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells. , 2014, Nature materials.

[43]  Jun Lin,et al.  Layered organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites: structure, optical properties, film preparation, patterning and templating engineering , 2010 .

[44]  P. Yang,et al.  Growth and Anion Exchange Conversion of CH3NH3PbX3 Nanorod Arrays for Light-Emitting Diodes. , 2015, Nano letters.

[45]  J. Teuscher,et al.  Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites , 2012, Science.

[46]  E. Sargent,et al.  Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals , 2015, Science.

[47]  Lin-wang Wang,et al.  Materials and Methods Supplementary Text Fig. S1 Reference (35) Database S1 Atomically Thin Two-dimensional Organic-inorganic Hybrid Perovskites , 2022 .

[48]  Song Jin,et al.  Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors. , 2015, Nature materials.

[49]  Nripan Mathews,et al.  Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing. , 2014, Nature materials.

[50]  David B. Mitzi,et al.  Electroluminescence from an Organic−Inorganic Perovskite Incorporating a Quaterthiophene Dye within Lead Halide Perovskite Layers , 1999 .

[51]  Laura M. Herz,et al.  Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber , 2013, Science.

[52]  Tsutomu Miyasaka,et al.  Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.