Impacts of battery degradation on state-level energy consumption and GHG emissions from electric vehicle operation in the United States

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are promoted to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Spatially-explicit operation conditions, such as travel demand and ambient temperature, can heavily affect the operation process of EVs and further influence the energy consumption and GHG emissions from EVs. However, the battery degradation of EVs, which are highly sensitive to operation conditions, is usually ignored in existing spatially-explicit EV analyses. Therefore, in order to investigate the impacts of battery degradation on the energy consumption and GHG emissions from EVs in the United States, this analysis applies the state-level operation condition to the EV energy operation model by considering the battery degradation effect on mid-size EVs with a 24 kWh lithium ion manganese oxide (LMO) battery pack. We found that the unit energy consumption and GHG emission growth, owing to a 10-year battery degradation, range from 29.2 Wh/km in Alaska to 127.4 Wh/km in Mississippi, and 0.2 g CO2/km in Vermont to 56.9 g CO2/km in Indiana, respectively.

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