UWB RADAR Receiver Architecture

this chapter describes the operation of a radar system. The differences and advantages of using UWB signals in the radar system, over traditional narrow band signals, are discussed. The radar equation, usually defined for narrow band signals, is redefined for UWB signals. This new radar equation is used to analyze the echo signals from targets with basic shapes, resulting in an estimative of the echo signal amplitude as a function of the target distance. The architecture of an UWB radar based in the concept of sub-sampling is defined and the constituting blocks are described. The remaining of the chapter is concentrated in analyzing the receiver channel of the radar system. This analysis is centered around the noise power level in the receive path. From this analysis a new receiver circuit for baseband UWB signals is proposed. This new circuit is an averaging switched-integrator circuit. This circuit is described in detail and a design procedure is shown.

[1]  T. Claasen,et al.  On stationary linear time-varying systems , 1982 .

[2]  Michel Steyaert,et al.  A high yield 12-bit 250-MS/s CMOS D/A converter , 1996, Proceedings of Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.

[3]  Henning F. Harmuth,et al.  Radar equation for nonsinusoidal waves , 1989 .

[4]  I. Gresham,et al.  Ultra-wideband radar sensors for short-range vehicular applications , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[5]  T. Ohguro,et al.  Future perspective and scaling down roadmap for RF CMOS , 1999, 1999 Symposium on VLSI Technology. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.99CH36325).

[6]  D.B.M. Klaassen,et al.  Accurate thermal noise model for deep-submicron CMOS , 1999, International Electron Devices Meeting 1999. Technical Digest (Cat. No.99CH36318).

[7]  R.B. Dybdal,et al.  Radar cross section measurements , 1986, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[8]  Kwangseok Han,et al.  Thermal noise modeling for short-channel MOSFETs , 2003, International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices, 2003. SISPAD 2003..

[9]  T.H. Lee,et al.  A 1.5 V, 1.5 GHz CMOS low noise amplifier , 1996, 1996 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Technical Papers.

[10]  B. Colpitts,et al.  Harmonic radar transceiver design: miniature tags for insect tracking , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[11]  A.A. Abidi,et al.  A 3-10-GHz low-noise amplifier with wideband LC-ladder matching network , 2004, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[12]  K. Bult,et al.  A 10-b, 500-MSample/s CMOS DAC in 0.6 mm2 , 1998, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[13]  B. Kumar,et al.  Millimetre wave technology for collision avoidance and cruise control , 1991 .

[14]  J. D. Woll.  VORAD collision warning radar , 1995, Proceedings International Radar Conference.

[15]  Payam Heydari,et al.  A performance optimized CMOS distributed LNA for UWB receivers , 2005, Proceedings of the IEEE 2005 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2005..

[16]  G. S. Dow,et al.  Forward-looking automotive radar using a W-band single-chip transceiver , 1995 .

[17]  Won Namgoong,et al.  Noise figure of digital communication receivers-revisited , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[18]  C. Fowler,et al.  Assessment of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology , 1990, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine.

[19]  B. Nauta,et al.  Wide-band CMOS low-noise amplifier exploiting thermal noise canceling , 2004, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[20]  A. L. Maffett,et al.  Radar cross-section estimation for complex shapes , 1965 .

[21]  Stephen H. Lewis,et al.  Thermal noise from switches in a switched-capacitor gain stage , 2003, Southwest Symposium on Mixed-Signal Design, 2003..

[22]  H.S. Bennett,et al.  Device and technology evolution for Si-based RF integrated circuits , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[23]  F.S. Lee,et al.  An ultra-wideband baseband front-end , 2004, 2004 IEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Systems. Digest of Papers.

[24]  A. Steiger-Garcao,et al.  Design of a spiral-mode microstrip antenna and matching circuitry for ultra-wide-band receivers , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37353).

[25]  Barrie Gilbert,et al.  A precise four-quadrant multiplier with subnanosecond response , 1968, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Newsletter.

[26]  R. Engelbrecht,et al.  DIGEST of TECHNICAL PAPERS , 1959 .

[27]  James D. Taylor.  Ultra-wideband Radar Technology , 2000 .

[28]  R. Shelton,et al.  Noise Bandwidth of Common Filters , 1970 .

[29]  G. Turin,et al.  An introduction to matched filters , 1960, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[30]  Won Namgoong,et al.  Wide-band CMOS cascode low-noise amplifier design based on source degeneration topology , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[31]  M.J.M. Pelgrom,et al.  Matching properties of MOS transistors , 1989 .

[32]  T.J. Hestilow.  Simple formulas for the calculation of the average physical optics RCS of a cylinder and a flat plate over a symmetric window around broadside , 2000, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.