Operational Implementation of the ISBA Land Surface Scheme in the Canadian Regional Weather Forecast Model. Part II: Cold Season Results

Abstract The performance of a modified version of the snow scheme included in the Interactions between Surface–Biosphere–Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface scheme, which was operationally implemented into the regional weather forecast system at the Canadian Meteorological Centre, is examined in this study. Stand-alone verification tests conducted prior to the operational implementation showed that ISBA's new snow package was able to realistically reproduce the main characteristics of a snow cover, such as snow water equivalent and density, for five winter datasets taken at Col de Porte, France, and at Goose Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. A number of modifications to ISBA's snow model (i.e., new liquid water reservoir in the snowpack, new formulation of snow density, and melting effect of incident rainfall on the snowpack) were found to improve the numerical representation of snow characteristics. Objective scores for the fully interactive preimplementation tests carried out with the Canadian regional weather fore...

[1]  Miller,et al.  The Anomalous Rainfall over the United States during July 1993: Sensitivity to Land Surface Parameterization and Soil Moisture Anomalies , 1996 .

[2]  R. Benoit,et al.  Inclusion and verification of a predictive Cloud-Water Scheme in a Regional Numerical Weather Prediction Model , 1992 .

[3]  P. Rowntree,et al.  Simulation of the atmospheric response to soil moisture anomalies over Europe , 1983 .

[4]  S. Planton,et al.  A Simple Parameterization of Land Surface Processes for Meteorological Models , 1989 .

[5]  Bernard Bilodeau,et al.  Development of the 35‐km version of the Canadian regional forecast system , 1997 .

[6]  H. Pan,et al.  Interaction between soil hydrology and boundary-layer development , 1987 .

[7]  R. Haverkamp,et al.  Bare-ground surface heat and water exchanges under dry conditions: Observations and parameterization , 1993 .

[8]  Dara Entekhabi,et al.  Solving the inverse problem for soil moisture and temperature profiles by sequential assimilation of multifrequency remotely sensed observations , 1994, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[9]  Pierre Etchevers,et al.  An Intercomparison of Three Snow Schemes of Varying Complexity Coupled to the Same Land Surface Model: Local-Scale Evaluation at an Alpine Site , 2001 .

[10]  Pedro Viterbo,et al.  Impact on ECMWF forecasts of changes to the albedo of the boreal forests in the presence of snow , 1999 .

[11]  Herschel L. Mitchell,et al.  The Canadian Regional Data Assimilation System: Operational and Research Applications , 1994 .

[12]  Hilding Sundqvist,et al.  A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content , 1978 .

[13]  K. Mo,et al.  Dependence of Simulated Precipitation on Surface Evaporation during the 1993 United States Summer Floods , 1996 .

[14]  Josef M. Oberhuber,et al.  Snow cover model for global climate simulations , 1993 .

[15]  Andreas Rhodin,et al.  A case study on variational soil moisture analysis from atmospheric observations , 1998 .

[16]  Operational Applications of a Pure Acoustic Sounding System , 1975 .

[17]  J. Deardorff.  Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation , 1978 .

[18]  Thomas T. Warner,et al.  Sensitivity of the Great Plains Severe-Storm Environment to Soil-Moisture Distribution , 1987 .

[19]  F. Bouttier,et al.  Sequential Assimilation of Soil Moisture from Atmospheric Low-Level Parameters. Part II: Implementation in a Mesoscale Model , 1993 .

[20]  W. Frank,et al.  The Cumulus Parameterization Problem , 1983 .

[21]  Zong-Liang Yang,et al.  Simulations of a boreal grassland hydrology at Valdai, Russia: PILPS phase 2(d). , 2000 .

[22]  J. Namias.  Some Empirical Evidence for the Influence of Snow Cover on Temperature and Precipitation , 1985 .

[23]  Claude Girard,et al.  Stability functions correct at the free convection limit and consistent for for both the surface and Ekman layers , 1992 .

[24]  M. Ek,et al.  Daytime Evolution of Relative Humidity at the Boundary Layer Top , 1994 .

[25]  S. Idso.  A set of equations for full spectrum and 8- to 14-μm and 10.5- to 12.5-μm thermal radiation from cloudless skies , 1981 .

[26]  J. Mahfouf.  A numerical simulation of the surface water budget during HAPEX-MOBILHY , 1990 .

[27]  J. Shukla,et al.  An Apparent Relationship between Eurasian Snow Cover and Indian Monsoon Rainfall , 1976 .

[28]  R. Dickinson,et al.  The Representation of Snow in Land Surface Schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d) , 2001 .

[29]  Moti Segal,et al.  Sensitivity of forecast rainfall in a Texas convective system to soil moisture and convective parameterization , 2000 .

[30]  Jean-François Mahfouf,et al.  A new snow parameterization for the Météo-France climate model , 1995 .

[31]  A. Dalcher,et al.  A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models , 1986 .

[32]  Louis Garand,et al.  Some Improvements and Complements to the Infrared Emissivity Algorithm Including a Parameterization of the Absorption in the Continuum Region. , 1983 .

[33]  L. Grasso.  A numerical simulation of dryline sensitivity to soil moisture , 2000 .

[34]  A. Kasahara.  Various Vertical Coordinate Systems Used for Numerical Weather Prediction , 1974 .

[35]  Y. Xue,et al.  Modeling of land surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations , 1996 .

[36]  P. Wetzel,et al.  Effects of Spatial Variations of Soil Moisture and Vegetation on the Evolution of a Prestorm Environment: A Numerical Case Study , 1991 .

[37]  J. Mahfouf,et al.  Inclusion of Gravitational Drainage in a Land Surface Scheme Based on the Force-Restore Method. , 1996 .

[38]  Elfatih A. B. Eltahir,et al.  A Soil Moisture–Rainfall Feedback Mechanism: 1. Theory and observations , 1998 .

[39]  A. Ellis,et al.  Analysis of Cold Airmass Temperature Modification across the U.S. Great Plains as a Consequence of Snow Depth and Albedo , 1999 .

[40]  Jean Côté,et al.  Operational Implementation of the Fritsch–Chappell Convective Scheme in the 24-km Canadian Regional Model , 2000 .

[41]  Soroosh Sorooshian,et al.  Comparative Analyses of Physically Based Snowmelt Models for Climate Simulations , 1999 .

[42]  J. Noilhan,et al.  The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydrological model applied to the Hapex-Mobilhy area: Part II: Simulation of streamflows and annual water budget , 1999 .

[43]  Jack Kornfield,et al.  A Comparative Study of the Effects of Albedo Change on Drought in Semi-Arid Regions. , 1977 .

[44]  Yongkang Xue,et al.  A simple snow-atmosphere-soil transfer model , 1999 .

[45]  E. Bazile,et al.  Implementation of a New Assimilation Scheme for Soil and Surface Variables in a Global NWP Model , 2000 .

[46]  J. Noilhan,et al.  MUREX: a land-surface field experiment to study the annual cycle of the energy and water budgets , 1999 .

[47]  S. Koch,et al.  The Influence of Mesoscale Humidity and Evapotranspiration Fields on a Model Forecast of a Cold-Frontal Squall Line , 1997 .

[48]  J. Noilhan,et al.  Sensitivity study and validation of a land surface parameterization using the HAPEX-MOBILHY data set , 1990 .

[49]  Y. Yen.  Review of Thermal Properties of Snow, Ice and Sea Ice, , 1981 .

[50]  J. Shukla,et al.  The Influence of Initial Soil Wetness on Medium-Range Surface Weather Forecasts , 1994 .

[51]  M. Mccorcle,et al.  Simulation of Surface-Moisture Effects on the Great Plains Low-Level Jet , 1988 .

[52]  R. Hess,et al.  Assimilation of screen-level observations by variational soil moisture analysis , 2001 .

[53]  P. Courtier,et al.  A strategy for operational implementation of 4D‐Var, using an incremental approach , 1994 .

[54]  R. Dickinson,et al.  The Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS): Phases 2 and 3 , 1993 .

[55]  Roger A. Pielke,et al.  A Modeling Study of the Dryline , 1995 .

[56]  David Rind,et al.  The effect of snow cover on the climate , 1991 .

[57]  E. Martin,et al.  An Energy and Mass Model of Snow Cover Suitable for Operational Avalanche Forecasting , 1989, Journal of Glaciology.

[58]  Jerome D. Fast,et al.  The Effect of Heterogeneous Soil Moisture on a Summer Baroclinic Circulation in the Central United States , 1991 .

[59]  S. Manabe.  CLIMATE AND THE OCEAN CIRCULATION1 , 1969 .

[60]  N. A. Phillips,et al.  A COORDINATE SYSTEM HAVING SOME SPECIAL ADVANTAGES FOR NUMERICAL FORECASTING , 1957 .

[61]  A. Staniforth,et al.  The Operational CMC–MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part I: Design Considerations and Formulation , 1998 .

[62]  J. Shukla,et al.  Impact of Initial Soil Wetness on Seasonal Atmospheric Prediction , 1999 .

[63]  Mojib Latif,et al.  The Effect of Eurasian Snow Cover on Regional and Global Climate Variations , 1989 .

[64]  Craig A. Clark,et al.  Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Cover on the Development of Deep Convection , 1995 .

[65]  Jeremy S. Pal,et al.  Pathways Relating Soil Moisture Conditions to Future Summer Rainfall within a Model of the Land-Atmosphere System , 2001 .

[66]  C. Bhumralkar.  Numerical Experiments on the Computation of Ground Surface Temperature in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model , 1975 .

[67]  H. Douville,et al.  A comparison of four snow models using observations from an alpine site , 1999 .

[68]  J. Molinari,et al.  Parameterization of Convective Precipitation in Mesoscale Numerical Models: A Critical Review , 1992 .

[69]  Ann Henderson-Sellers,et al.  Biosphere-atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model , 1986 .

[70]  E. Anderson,et al.  A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover , 1975 .

[71]  Alan K. Betts,et al.  FIFE Surface Climate and Site-Average Dataset 1987–89 , 1998 .

[72]  A. Pitman,et al.  Simulation of freeze‐thaw cycles in a general circulation model land surface scheme , 1998 .

[73]  J. Noilhan,et al.  GCM grid-scale evaporation from mesoscale modeling , 1995 .

[74]  D. Lüthi,et al.  The Soil-Precipitation Feedback: A Process Study with a Regional Climate Model , 1999 .

[75]  Stéphane Laroche,et al.  Implementation of a 3D variational data assimilation system at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. Part I: The global analysis , 1999 .

[76]  Y. Delage,et al.  PARAMETERISING SUB-GRID SCALE VERTICAL TRANSPORT IN ATMOSPHERIC MODELS UNDER STATICALLY STABLE CONDITIONS , 1997 .

[77]  Eric F. Wood,et al.  A land-surface hydrology parameterization with subgrid variability for general circulation models , 1992 .

[78]  W. J. Shuttleworth,et al.  Soil‐moisture nudging experiments with a single‐column version of the ECMWF model , 1999 .

[79]  Jean-Christophe Calvet,et al.  Inclusion of a Third Soil Layer in a Land Surface Scheme Using the Force–Restore Method , 1999 .

[80]  E. Brun,et al.  A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting , 1992, Journal of Glaciology.

[81]  Zong-Liang Yang,et al.  Validation of the Snow Submodel of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme with Russian Snow Cover and Meteorological Observational Data , 1997 .

[82]  Zhao Ren-jun,et al.  The Xinanjiang model applied in China , 1992 .

[83]  Aaron Boone,et al.  The Influence of the Inclusion of Soil Freezing on Simulations by a Soil–Vegetation–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme , 2000 .

[84]  J. Mailhot,et al.  Impact of horizontal resolution on the numerical simulation of a midlatitude squall line : Implicit versus explicit condensation , 2001 .

[85]  Huug van den Dool,et al.  Analysis of model-calculated soil moisture over the United States (1931-1993) and applications to long-range temperature forecasts , 1996 .

[86]  J. Fritsch,et al.  Numerical Prediction of Convectively Driven Mesoscale Pressure Systems. Part I: Convective Parameterization , 1980 .

[87]  Susan Marshall,et al.  Snow hydrology in a general circulation model , 1994 .

[88]  Jean-François Mahfouf,et al.  Evaluation of the Optimum Interpolation and Nudging Techniques for Soil Moisture Analysis Using FIFE Data , 2000 .

[89]  J. Shukla,et al.  Influence of Land-Surface Evapotranspiration on the Earth's Climate , 1982, Science.

[90]  Pedro Viterbo,et al.  An Improved Land Surface Parameterization Scheme in the ECMWF Model and Its Validation. , 1995 .

[91]  John E. Walsh,et al.  Influences of snow cover and soil moisture on monthly air temperature , 1985 .

[92]  Luc Fillion,et al.  A Variable-Resolution Semi-Lagrangian Finite-Element Global Model of the Shallow-Water Equations , 1993 .

[93]  Donald Woodward,et al.  A user agency's view of hydrologic, soil erosion and water quality modelling , 1999 .

[94]  A. Staniforth,et al.  The Operational CMC–MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part II: Results , 1998 .

[95]  Jean-François Mahfouf,et al.  Analysis of Soil Moisture from Near-Surface Parameters: A Feasibility Study , 1991 .

[96]  B. Brasnett,et al.  A Global Analysis of Snow Depth for Numerical Weather Prediction , 1999 .

[97]  J. Shukla,et al.  Influence of land surface roughness on atmospheric circulation and precipitation - A sensitivity study with a general circulation model , 1988 .

[98]  Jean Côté,et al.  Inclusion of a TKE Boundary Layer Parameterization in the Canadian Regional Finite-Element Model , 1989 .

[99]  F. Bouttier,et al.  Sequential Assimilation of Soil Moisture from Atmospheric Low-Level Parameters. Part I: Sensitivity and Calibration Studies , 1993 .

[100]  E. Aguado,et al.  Radiation Balances of Melting Snow Covers at an Open Site in the Central Sierra Nevada, California , 1985 .