After Bell

We analyze foundational consequences of recently reported loophole free tests of violation of Bell's inequality. We consider two interpretations of these remarkable experiments. The conventional one is “Einstein was wrong and Bohr was right, there is spooky action at a distance, quantum realism is incompatible with locality.” However, in line with discussions in literature during last decade, we show that it is still possible to treat quantum mechanics without appealing to nonlocality or denying realism. We hope that this note will call the attention of experts in quantum foundations and convince them that the case is not closed, so that they should come with their own comments on the status of the final Bell test.

[1]  C. Ross.  Found , 1869, The Dental register.

[2]  A E Bostwick,et al.  THE THEORY OF PROBABILITIES. , 1896, Science.

[3]  Albert Einstein,et al.  Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? , 1935 .

[4]  N. Bohr.  II - Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete? , 1935 .

[5]  Helly.  Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung , 1936 .

[6]  A. Einstein,et al.  The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from the Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta , 1938 .

[7]  Niels Bohr,et al.  The Causality Problem in Atomic Physics , 1958 .

[8]  N. N. Vorob’ev.  Consistent Families of Measures and Their Extensions , 1962 .

[9]  Louis de Broglie,et al.  The current interpretation of wave mechanics : a critical study , 1964 .

[10]  A. Shimony,et al.  Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden Variable Theories. , 1969 .

[11]  H. Erlichson.  The Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Paradox , 1972, Philosophy of Science.

[12]  Matison,et al.  Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories , 1972 .

[13]  Karl Hinderer.  Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie , 1972 .

[14]  M. Horne,et al.  Experimental Consequences of Objective Local Theories , 1974 .

[15]  A. Shimony,et al.  Bell's theorem. Experimental tests and implications , 1978 .

[16]  I. Pitowsky.  Resolution of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen and Bell Paradoxes , 1982 .

[17]  J. Bell.  On the impossible pilot wave , 1982 .

[18]  Alain Aspect,et al.  Experimental Tests of Bell’s Inequalities in Atomic Physics , 1983 .

[19]  Luigi Accardi,et al.  The Probabilistic Roots of the Quantum Mechanical Paradoxes , 1984 .

[20]  De Broglie’s Initial Conception of De Broglie Waves , 1984 .

[21]  Dugald Murdoch,et al.  The Philosophical Writings , 1986 .

[22]  M. Kupczyński,et al.  Bertrand's paradox and Bell's inequalities , 1987 .

[23]  Tony Leggett,et al.  Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: Collected Papers on Quantum Philosophy , 1988 .

[24]  Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics: By J. S. Bell. Pp. 212. Cambridge University Press. 1988. Hardback £25.00, US$44.50; Paperback £8.95, US$14.95 , 1989 .

[25]  A. Zeilinger,et al.  Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics , 1989 .

[26]  Olivier Darrigol,et al.  Erwin Schrödinger : philosophy and the birth of quantum mechanics , 1992 .

[27]  I. Pitowsky,et al.  George Boole's ‘Conditions of Possible Experience’ and the Quantum Puzzle , 1994, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.

[28]  G. Hooft.  Quantum gravity as a dissipative deterministic system , 1999, gr-qc/9903084.

[29]  Philippe Grangier.  Contextual objectivity: a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics , 2000 .

[30]  Thomas de Quincey.  [C] , 2000, The Works of Thomas De Quincey, Vol. 1: Writings, 1799–1820.

[31]  Andrei Khrennikov.  Statistical measure of ensemble nonreproducibility and correction to Bell's inequality , 2000 .

[32]  C. Fuchs.  Quantum Mechanics as Quantum Information (and only a little more) , 2002, quant-ph/0205039.

[33]  Christopher A. Fuchs.  The Anti-Vaxjo Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics , 2002 .

[34]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Vaxjo Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics , 2002 .

[35]  W. D. Muynck.  Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, an Empiricist Approach , 2002 .

[36]  Harald Atmanspacher,et al.  Epistemic and Ontic Quantum Realities , 2003 .

[37]  Philippe Grangier.  CONTEXTUAL OBJECTIVITY AND THE QUANTUM FORMALISM , 2004 .

[38]  A. E. Allahverdyan,et al.  Brownian Entanglement , 2004 .

[39]  Andrei Khrennikov.  V\"axj\"o interpretation-2003: realism of contexts , 2004 .

[40]  Arkady Plotnitsky,et al.  Reading Bohr: Physics and Philosophy , 2006 .

[41]  Gerard 't Hooft.  The mathematical basis for deterministic quantum mechanics , 2006 .

[42]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Local realistic representation for correlations in the original EPR-model for position and momentum , 2006, Soft Comput..

[43]  S. Miyashita,et al.  Event-Based Computer Simulation Model of Aspect-Type Experiments Strictly Satisfying Einstein's Locality Conditions , 2007, 0712.2565.

[44]  T. Nieuwenhuizen,et al.  Where Bell went wrong , 2008, 0812.3058.

[45]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Bell-Boole Inequality: Nonlocality or Probabilistic Incompatibility of Random Variables? , 2008, Entropy.

[46]  Guillaume Adenier,et al.  Local Realist Approach and Numerical Simulations of Nonclassical Experiments in Quantum Mechanics , 2008 .

[47]  Antony Valentini,et al.  Beyond the Quantum , 2009, 1001.2758.

[48]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Contextual Approach to Quantum Formalism , 2009 .

[49]  Caslav Brukner,et al.  Information Invariance and Quantum Probabilities , 2009, 0905.0653.

[50]  C. Stivers.  Class , 2010 .

[51]  A. Khrennikov.  The Financial Heat Machine: Coupling With the Present Financial Crises , 2012 .

[52]  S. Nordebo,et al.  Quantization of propagating modes in optical fibres , 2012 .

[53]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Bell argument: Locality or realism? Time to make the choice , 2011, 1108.0001.

[54]  A. Zeilinger,et al.  Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption , 2012, Nature.

[55]  Armen E. Allahverdyan,et al.  Understanding quantum measurement from the solution of dynamical models , 2011, 1107.2138.

[56]  Aaron J. Miller,et al.  Detection-loophole-free test of quantum nonlocality, and applications. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[57]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  CHSH Inequality: Quantum Probabilities as Classical Conditional Probabilities , 2014, 1406.4886.

[58]  Igor Volovich,et al.  Photon Flux and Distance from the Source: Consequences for Quantum Communication , 2013, 1309.5492.

[59]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  On the equivalence of the Clauser–Horne and Eberhard inequality based tests , 2014, 1403.2811.

[60]  S. Wehner,et al.  Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres , 2015, Nature.

[61]  Howard Wiseman,et al.  Quantum physics: Death by experiment for local realism , 2015, Nature.

[62]  A. Zeilinger,et al.  Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons. , 2015, Physical review letters.

[63]  R. N. Schouten,et al.  Experimental loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electron spins separated by 1.3 km , 2015, 1508.05949.

[64]  Alain Aspect,et al.  Viewpoint: Closing the Door on Einstein and Bohr’s Quantum Debate , 2015 .

[65]  Marian Kupczynski,et al.  Can Einstein with Bohr Debate on Quantum Mechanics Be Closed , 2016 .

[66]  Alexia Auffeves,et al.  Violation of Bell’s inequalities in a quantum realistic framework , 2016, 1601.03966.

[67]  E. Knill,et al.  A strong loophole-free test of local realism , 2015, 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).

[68]  R. Sarpong,et al.  Bio-inspired synthesis of xishacorenes A, B, and C, and a new congener from fuscol† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02572c , 2019, Chemical science.