Cross-sectional study of object permanence in domestic puppies (Canis familiaris).

Visual accommodation and object permanence tests were administered to 70 puppies (Canis familiaris), aged 4 weeks to 9 months. The results showed that understanding of visible displacement problems emerged at the 5th weeks and developed rapidly until the 8th week. Although the search behaviors of older puppies were more flexible, no further significant development was observed between 8 weeks and 9 months. The results on invisible displacement tests suggest that understanding of invisible displacement problems appears around the 1st year in dogs' development.

[1]  Francesco Antinucci,et al.  Stage 6 object concept in nonhuman primate cognition: A comparison between gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). , 1986 .

[2]  Object permanence in cats: Analysis in locomotor space , 1982, Behavioural Processes.

[3]  Robert Pasnak,et al.  Object permanence in cats and dogs , 1981 .

[4]  K. Gibson,et al.  “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives on ape “language” , 1990 .

[5]  F. Doré,et al.  Psychology of animal cognition: Piagetian studies. , 1987 .

[6]  Beatrice T. Gardner,et al.  Object permanence in child and chimpanzee , 1980 .

[7]  F. Doré,et al.  Cognitive development in kittens (Felis catus): A cross-sectional study of object permanence. , 1989 .

[8]  Irene M. Pepperberg,et al.  Object permanence in four species of psittacine birds: An African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), an Illiger mini macaw (Ara maracana), a parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus), and a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) , 1990 .

[9]  M. Redshaw.  Cognitive development in human and gorilla infants , 1978 .

[10]  J. Gavin Bremner,et al.  Egocentric Versus Allocentric Spatial Coding in Nine-Month-Old Infants: Factors Influencing the Choice of Code , 1978 .

[11]  L. Weiskrantz,et al.  Thought Without Language , 1988 .

[12]  F. Doré,et al.  Cognitive development in kittens (Felis catus): an observational study of object permanence and sensorimotor intelligence. , 1991, Journal of comparative psychology.

[13]  Ina C. Uzgiris,et al.  Assessment in Infancy: Ordinal Scales of Psychological Development , 1989 .

[14]  S. Parker,et al.  “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Origins of comparative developmental evolutionary studies of primate mental abilities , 1990 .

[15]  François Y. Doré,et al.  Object permanence in adult cats (Felis catus) , 1986 .

[16]  F. Doré,et al.  Search behavior in various breeds of adult dogs (Canis familiaris): object permanence and olfactory cues. , 1992, Journal of comparative psychology.

[17]  Luc Granger,et al.  Piagetian object-permanence in Cebus capucinus, Lagothrica flavicauda and Pan troglodytes , 1976, Animal Behaviour.

[18]  J. M. Ordy,et al.  Development of object permanence in the infant squirrel monkey. , 1972 .

[19]  J. G. Bremner,et al.  Spatial errors made by infants: inadequate spatial cues or evidence of egocentrism? , 1978, British journal of psychology.

[20]  Francesco Antinucci.  Cognitive structure and development in nonhuman primates , 1993 .

[21]  The Meaning of Object Permanence at Different Zoological Levels , 1984 .

[22]  J. Piaget.  La construction du réel chez l'enfant , 1973 .

[23]  C. Dumas,et al.  Permanence de l'objet chez le singe capucin (Cebus apella): étude des déplacements invisibles. , 1994 .

[24]  Irene M. Pepperberg,et al.  Object permanence in the African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) , 1986 .

[25]  H. Gruber,et al.  The development of object permanence in the cat. , 1971 .

[26]  Sylvain Gagnon,et al.  Search behavior of dogs (Canis familiaris) in invisible displacement problems , 1993 .

[27]  Primate Behavior and Sociobiology , 1981, Proceedings in Life Sciences.

[28]  J W Spencer,et al.  Exploratory behavior in the dog: experimential or age dependent? , 1969, Developmental psychobiology.

[29]  K. Gibson,et al.  “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: New perspectives on instincts and intelligence: Brain size and the emergence of hierarchical mental constructional skills , 1990 .

[30]  H. Wellman,et al.  Infant search and object permanence: a meta-analysis of the A-not-B error. , 1987, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[31]  Marshall M. Haith,et al.  Infancy and developmental psychobiology , 1983 .

[32]  H. Frank,et al.  Comparative manipulation-test performance in ten-week-old wolves (Canis lupus) and Alaskan malamutes (Canis familiaris): A Piagetian interpretation. , 1985 .

[33]  A. Diamond,et al.  Development of the ability to use recall to guide action, as indicated by infants' performance on AB. , 1985, Child development.

[34]  R. Zimmermann,et al.  Piagetian object permanence in the infant rhesus monkey. , 1974 .

[35]  F Y Doré,et al.  Search behaviour of cats (Felis catus) in an invisible displacement test: cognition and experience. , 1990, Canadian journal of psychology.

[36]  C. Dumas,et al.  Object permanence in cats (Felis catus): an ecological approach to the study of invisible displacements. , 1992, Journal of comparative psychology.