Aerial and underwater drone communication: potentials and vulnerabilities

Abstract In the past, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has become a hot topic for the development of research application systems. It has the real-time applications namely surveillance, camerawork in movies, communication, transportation, agriculture, delivery of goods, and for the remote rescue operations in various application scenarios. Navigation tool uses drones to address the challenges of technologies including both hardware and software. Therefore UAV and drone communication is important to study potential uses, strategies, vulnerabilities, and solution. This survey reports the characteristics and requirements of UAV networks to envision the civil applications in use of navigation. It is encompassed of both indoor and outdoor aspects, such as control, hardware, algorithms, path-planning, and communication requirements. This work includes machine learning and artificial intelligence for autonomous drone navigation. They use vision-based navigation like locality sensors and camera to discuss the features of security and safety. In addition, this work presents the review of drone navigation methods and its applications, focusing on modern network platform. Of late, a lot of applications have been developed using aerial vehicles as a pivot. This development provides vast range of support to modern computing applications such as urban computing, Internet of Things, ubiquitous computing, and Internet. These applications use UAV to complete any complex task. However, providing secure communication for aerial vehicles is not an easy task because of its easy customization and synchronization to the wide vast range of computing applications. These communication nodes are prone to coagulation attack, which is derived from the clotting properties of fluids. In this paper, the concept, issues, challenges, and research aspects for coagulation attack is thoroughly studied. In order to monitor different phenomenal activities in an underwater environment, such as environmental impact surveillance, marine life, oil and gas exploration. Underwater Wireless Communication (UWC) is nowadays becoming an important field for optical, acoustic, and electromagnetic waves to transmit the data on UWC. The possible UWC techniques include experimental observation, data collection and analysis, underwater navigation, disaster prevention and early detection warning of a tsunami using wireless communication. Above all, this work presents an overview, main initiatives and up-to-date contributions of UWC techniques, that is, underwater wireless optical communication, underwater wireless acoustic communication, and underwater electromagnetic transmission. In addition, the emerging technologies summarize the challenges of UWC, future research directions and recommendations using sixth generation network.