Recent advances in the monitoring, modelling and control of crystallization systems

Crystallization is one of the most important unit operations used for the separation and purification of crystalline solid products. Appropriate design and control of the crystallization process is paramount to produce crystalline products with tailor-made-properties. This paper provides an overview of selected recent developments in the modelling, monitoring and control of crystallization processes. We consider the topics discussed in this review to be enabling technologies for the development of the next generation of crystallization processes with significantly improved predictability, robustness and controllability.

[1]  David R. Cox,et al.  Time Series Analysis , 2012 .

[2]  A. J. Morris,et al.  On-line multivariate statistical monitoring of a fed-batch sugar crystallisation process , 2004 .

[3]  Anand Asundi,et al.  Accurate size measurement of needle-shaped particles using digital holography , 2011 .

[4]  François Puel,et al.  Crystallization of Monohydrate Citric Acid. 1. In Situ Monitoring through the Joint Use of Raman Spectroscopy and Image Analysis , 2007 .

[5]  M. Schreiber,et al.  Application of population balances in the chemical industry — current status and future needs , 2006 .

[6]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Investigation of the riddle of sulfathiazole polymorphism. , 2011, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[7]  Alan W. Mahoney,et al.  Population balance modeling. Promise for the future , 2002 .

[8]  Georgios Imanidis,et al.  Advancing in‐vitro drug precipitation testing: new process monitoring tools and a kinetic nucleation and growth model , 2011, The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.

[9]  Chao Y. Ma,et al.  Model identification of crystal facet growth kinetics in morphological population balance modeling of l-glutamic acid crystallization and experimental validation , 2012 .

[10]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Bulk video imaging based multivariate image analysis, process control chart and acoustic signal assisted nucleation detection , 2010 .

[11]  Herman J. M. Kramer,et al.  Process Modeling of the Polymorphic Transformation of l-Glutamic Acid , 2004 .

[12]  Gilles Fevotte,et al.  A population balance model of the solution-mediated phase transition of citric acid , 2007 .

[13]  Jayanta Chakraborty,et al.  Measuring the Three-Dimensional Morphology of Crystals Using Regular Reflection of Light , 2012 .

[14]  R. Braatz,et al.  Simulation of Mixing Effects in Antisolvent Crystallization Using a Coupled CFD-PDF-PBE Approach , 2006 .

[15]  T. Gutwald,et al.  Batch cooling crystallization at constant supersaturation: Technique and experimental results , 1990 .

[16]  Ali N. Saleemi,et al.  Automated direct nucleation control for in situ dynamic fines removal in batch cooling crystallization , 2012 .

[17]  Lawrence X. Yu,et al.  Applications of process analytical technology to crystallization processes. , 2004, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[18]  Marco Forgione,et al.  Rapid Crystallization Process Development Strategy from Lab to Industrial Scale with PAT Tools in Skid Configuration , 2012 .

[19]  Brian Scarlett,et al.  Barium Sulfate Precipitation: Crystallization kinetics and the role of the additive PMA-PVS , 1996 .

[20]  Richard D. Braatz,et al.  First-principles and direct design approaches for the control of pharmaceutical crystallization , 2005 .

[21]  Timothy J. Foster,et al.  A Computational Method for Extracting Crystallization Growth and Nucleation Rate Data from Hot Stage Microscope Images , 2009 .

[22]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Prediction and control of crystal shape distribution in the presence of crystal growth modifiers , 2013 .

[23]  Michael F. Doherty,et al.  Crystal shape modification through cycles of dissolution and growth: Attainable regions and experimental validation , 2012 .

[24]  H. Tung,et al.  Image-Analysis-Based Method for 3D Crystal Morphology Measurement and Polymorph Identification Using Confocal Microscopy , 2012 .

[25]  Graeme Puxty,et al.  Tutorial on the fitting of kinetics models to multivariate spectroscopic measurements with non-linear least-squares regression , 2006 .

[26]  David M. Scott,et al.  Industrial applications of process imaging and image processing , 2001, SPIE Optics East.

[27]  Nesrine Gherras,et al.  On the use of process analytical technologies and population balance equations for the estimation of crystallization kinetics. A case study , 2012 .

[28]  James B. Rawlings,et al.  Particle-shape monitoring and control in crystallization processes , 2001 .

[29]  Jose Alvarez-Ramirez,et al.  Characterization of cane sugar crystallization using image fractal analysis , 2010 .

[30]  Ingmar Nopens,et al.  Celebrating a milestone in Population Balance Modeling , 2009 .

[31]  B. Glennon,et al.  Supersaturation tracking for the development, optimization and control of crystallization processes , 2010 .

[32]  N. Sandler,et al.  Rapid Particle Size Measurement Using 3D Surface Imaging , 2011, AAPS PharmSciTech.

[33]  Richard D Braatz,et al.  Advances and new directions in crystallization control. , 2012, Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering.

[34]  W. A. Shewhart,et al.  The Application of Statistics as an Aid in Maintaining Quality of a Manufactured Product , 1925 .

[35]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Slowing the Growth Rate of Ibuprofen Crystals Using the Polymeric Additive Pluronic F127 , 2011 .

[36]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Model based robust control approach for batch crystallization product design , 2009, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[37]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Optimal seed recipe design for crystal size distribution control for batch cooling crystallisation processes , 2010 .

[38]  Ali N. Saleemi,et al.  Comparative Investigation of Supersaturation and Automated Direct Nucleation Control of Crystal Size Distributions using ATR-UV/vis Spectroscopy and FBRM , 2012 .

[39]  M. Mazzotti,et al.  Model-Based Optimization of Particle Size Distribution in Batch-Cooling Crystallization of Paracetamol , 2004 .

[40]  D. L. Ma,et al.  Robust identification and control of batch processes , 2003, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[41]  J. W. Mullin,et al.  Programmed cooling crystallization of potassium sulphate solutions , 1974 .

[42]  J. W. Mullin,et al.  Supersaturation dependence of crystal growth in solutions in the presence of impurity , 1997 .

[43]  J. Jay Liu,et al.  Understanding the Formation of Indomethacin–Saccharin Cocrystals by Anti-Solvent Crystallization , 2013 .

[44]  Ying Zhou,et al.  Critical evaluation of image processing approaches for real-time crystal size measurements , 2009, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[45]  Andreas Bück,et al.  Numerical simulation of particulate processes for control and estimation by spectral methods , 2012 .

[46]  Cameron J. Brown,et al.  Online evaluation of paracetamol antisolvent crystallization growth rate with video imaging in an oscillatory baffled crystallizer , 2011 .

[47]  Rajagopalan Srinivasan,et al.  Optimization of image processing parameters for large sets of in-process video microscopy images acquired from batch crystallization processes: Integration of uniform design and simplex search , 2011 .

[48]  Niklas Sandler,et al.  Photometric imaging in particle size measurement and surface visualization. , 2011, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[49]  Deniz Erdemir,et al.  Nucleation of crystals from solution: classical and two-step models. , 2009, Accounts of chemical research.

[50]  F. Puel,et al.  Habit Transient Analysis in Industrial Crystallization Using Two Dimensional Crystal Sizing Technique , 1997 .

[51]  Krist V. Gernaey,et al.  A systematic framework for design of process monitoring and control (PAT) systems for crystallization processes , 2013, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[52]  Paul M.J. Van den Hof,et al.  A comparison of nonlinear observers for output feedback model-based control of seeded batch crystallization processes , 2011 .

[53]  J. Stuart Hunter,et al.  The exponentially weighted moving average , 1986 .

[54]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Evaluation of the Effect of Seed Preparation Method on the Product Crystal Size Distribution for Batch Cooling Crystallization Processes , 2010 .

[55]  Marion R. Reynolds,et al.  EWMA CONTROL CHARTS FOR MONITORING THE MEAN OF AUTOCORRELATED PROCESSES , 1999 .

[56]  M. Mazzotti,et al.  Precipitation of αL-glutamic acid: determination of growth kinetics , 2007 .

[57]  M. Maeder,et al.  Nonlinear least-squares fitting of multivariate absorption data , 1990 .

[58]  Deniz Erdemir,et al.  Polymorph selection: the role of nucleation, crystal growth and molecular modeling. , 2007, Current opinion in drug discovery & development.

[59]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Experimental Evaluation of the Targeted Direct Design of Temperature Trajectories for Growth-Dominated Crystallization Processes Using an Analytical Crystal Size Distribution Estimator , 2012 .

[60]  James D. Litster,et al.  Quantitative analysis of the inhibitory effect of HPMC on felodipine crystallization kinetics using population balance modeling , 2013 .

[61]  Ronei J. Poppi,et al.  Multivariate control charts based on net analyte signal (NAS) for characterization of the polymorphic composition of Piroxicam using near infrared spectroscopy , 2010 .

[62]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Growth Kinetics of S-Mandelic Acid in Aqueous Solutions in the Presence of R-Mandelic Acid , 2013 .

[63]  Michael F. Doherty,et al.  Predictive Modeling of Supersaturation-Dependent Crystal Shapes , 2012 .

[64]  James B. Rawlings,et al.  Assessing the Reliability of Particle Number Density Measurements Obtained by Image Analysis , 2008 .

[65]  François Févotte,et al.  A method of characteristics for solving population balance equations (PBE) describing the adsorption of impurities during crystallization processes , 2010 .

[66]  Cameron J. Brown,et al.  Evaluation of growth kinetics of antisolvent crystallization of paracetamol in an oscillatory baffled crystallizer utilizing video imaging , 2011 .

[67]  Kevin J. Roberts,et al.  Crystal growth measurement using 2D and 3D imaging and the perspectives for shape control , 2008 .

[68]  Jean-Charles Pinoli,et al.  Novel image analysis method for in situ monitoring the particle size distribution of batch crystallization processes , 2010, J. Electronic Imaging.

[69]  F. Puel,et al.  Cocrystal Formation in Solution: In Situ Solute Concentration Monitoring of the Two Components and Kinetic Pathways , 2009 .

[70]  Debasis Sarkar,et al.  In situ particle size estimation for crystallization processes by multivariate image analysis , 2009 .

[71]  Stéphane Veesler,et al.  The Evolution of Crystal Shape During Dissolution: Predictions and Experiments , 2008 .

[72]  A. Randolph,et al.  Theory of Particulate Processes: Analysis and Techniques of Continuous Crystallization , 1971 .

[73]  Martijn Boerkamp,et al.  An intrinsic exposed core optical fiber sensor as a quantitative surface crystallization monitoring sensor , 2013 .

[74]  Narayan Variankaval,et al.  From Form to Function: Crystallization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients , 2008 .

[75]  S. Verma,et al.  Imaging techniques for mapping solution parameters, growth rate, and surface features during the growth of crystals from solution , 2008 .

[76]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Measurement of 3D particle size distributions by stereoscopic imaging , 2010 .

[77]  L. L. Simon,et al.  Comparison of external bulk video imaging with focused beam reflectance measurement and ultra-violet visible spectroscopy for metastable zone identification in food and pharmaceutical crystallization processes , 2009 .

[78]  Z. Nagy,et al.  A combined approach of differential scanning calorimetry and hot-stage microscopy with image analysis in the investigation of sulfathiazole polymorphism , 2010 .

[79]  J. Rawlings,et al.  Model identification and control of solution crystallization processes: a review , 1993 .

[80]  K. Roberts,et al.  In-Process ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy for Closed-Loop Supersaturation Control of a Batch Crystallizer Producing Monosodium Glutamate Crystals of Defined Size , 2003 .

[81]  L. L. Simon,et al.  Histogram Matching, Hypothesis Testing, and Statistical Control-Chart-Assisted Nucleation Detection Using Bulk Video Imaging for Optimal Switching between Nucleation and Seed Conditioning Steps , 2010 .

[82]  J. B. Rawlings,et al.  9 – Control of crystallization processes , 2002 .

[83]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Systematic design of supersaturation controlled crystallization processes for shaping the crystal size distribution , 2012 .

[84]  D. L. Ma,et al.  Optimal seeding in batch crystallization , 1999 .

[85]  J. Ulrich,et al.  Inline Analyzing of Industrial Crystallization Processes by an Innovative Ultrasonic Probe Technique , 2011 .

[86]  R. Poppi,et al.  Multivariate control charts based on net analyte signal (NAS) and Raman spectroscopy for quality control of carbamazepine. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[87]  Richard D. Braatz,et al.  Advanced control of crystallization processes , 2002, Annu. Rev. Control..

[88]  João F. Cajaiba da Silva,et al.  Low-cost system based on image analysis to determine solubility curves , 2013 .

[89]  H. Kramer,et al.  Application of Seeding as a Process Actuator in a Model Predictive Control Framework for Fed‐Batch Crystallization of Ammonium Sulphate , 2007 .

[90]  Shamsul Qamar,et al.  Numerical solution of population balance equations for nucleation, growth and aggregation processes , 2007, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[91]  François Puel,et al.  Study of droplet size distribution during an emulsification process using in situ video probe coupled with an automatic image analysis , 2010 .

[92]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Measuring multidimensional particle size distributions during crystallization , 2012 .

[93]  James B. Rawlings,et al.  Model-based object recognition to measure crystal size and shape distributions from in situ video images , 2007 .

[94]  D. L. Ma,et al.  Simulation and New Sensor Technologies for Industrial Crystallization , 2002 .

[95]  Andrea R. Browning,et al.  Crystal Shape Engineering , 2008 .

[96]  Carl M Schoellhammer,et al.  Computational and experimental investigation of needle-shaped crystal breakage. , 2011, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[97]  Michael F. Doherty,et al.  Shape evolution of 3‐dimensional faceted crystals , 2006 .

[98]  J. Klein,et al.  Crystallization and precipitation engineering—I. An efficient method for solving population balance in crystallization with agglomeration , 1988 .

[99]  R. Tan,et al.  Comparison of dielectric constant meter with turbidity meter and focused beam reflectance measurement for metastable zone width determination , 2012 .

[100]  René David,et al.  Modelling of agglomeration in industrial crystallization from solution , 1995 .

[101]  Alfons Mersmann,et al.  Prediction of crystallization coefficients of the population balance , 2002 .

[102]  François Puel,et al.  Crystallization-in-emulsion process of a melted organic compound: In situ optical monitoring and simultaneous droplet and particle size measurements , 2012 .

[103]  Peter W. Rein,et al.  Unsteady-state inhibition of crystal growth caused by solution impurities , 2011 .

[104]  Richard D. Braatz,et al.  Modelling and control of combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization processes , 2008 .

[105]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Experimental Characterization and Population Balance Modeling of the Polymorph Transformation of l-Glutamic Acid , 2009 .

[106]  Nesrine Gherras,et al.  Monitoring industrial pharmaceutical crystallization processes using acoustic emission in pure and impure media. , 2012, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[107]  R. Tan,et al.  Quality by Design (QbD)-Based Crystallization Process Development for the Polymorphic Drug Tolbutamide , 2011 .

[108]  Thomas J. Naughton,et al.  Microparticle characterization using digital holography , 2010 .

[109]  Bernd Hitzmann,et al.  Adaptation of in-situ microscopy for crystallization processes , 2009 .

[110]  François Puel,et al.  In Situ Monitoring of Cocrystallization Processes - Complementary Use of Sensing Technologies , 2012 .

[111]  Julian Morris,et al.  On-line monitoring of a sugar crystallization process , 2005, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[112]  Doraiswami Ramkrishna,et al.  Population Balances: Theory and Applications to Particulate Systems in Engineering , 2000 .

[113]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Monitoring of the combined cooling and antisolvent crystallisation of mixtures of aminobenzoic acid isomers using ATR-UV/vis spectroscopy and FBRM , 2012 .

[114]  R. Tan,et al.  Operating Regions in Cooling Cocrystallization of Caffeine and Glutaric Acid in Acetonitrile , 2010 .

[115]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Monitoring the particle size and shape in the crystallization of paracetamol from water , 2010 .

[116]  James B. Rawlings,et al.  Particle filtering and moving horizon estimation , 2006, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[117]  J. Ulrich,et al.  Ultrasonic crystallization monitoring technique for simultaneous in-line measurement of liquid and solid phase , 2013 .

[118]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Estimating Crystal Growth Rates Using in situ ATR-FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy in a Calibration-Free Manner , 2009 .

[119]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Comparative performance of concentration and temperature controlled batch crystallizations , 2008 .

[120]  E. Vlieg,et al.  Growth Inhibition of Protein Crystals : A Study of Lysozyme Polymorphs , 2008 .

[121]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Fines removal in a continuous plug flow crystallizer by optimal spatial temperature profiles with controlled dissolution , 2013 .

[122]  Cameron J. Brown,et al.  Determination of metastable zone width, mean particle size and detectable number density using video imaging in an oscillatory baffled crystallizer , 2012 .

[123]  J. W. Mullin,et al.  Programmed cooling of batch crystallizers , 1971 .

[124]  James B. Rawlings,et al.  An algorithm for analyzing noisy, in situ images of high-aspect-ratio crystals to monitor particle size distribution , 2006 .

[125]  James B. Rawlings,et al.  The Potential of Current High-Resolution Imaging-Based Particle Size Distribution Measurements for Crystallization Monitoring , 2009 .

[126]  Taslima Khanam,et al.  Three dimensional digital holographic profiling of micro-fibers. , 2009, Optics express.

[127]  R. Tan,et al.  Supersaturation Control in Cooling Polymorphic Co-Crystallization of Caffeine and Glutaric Acid , 2011 .

[128]  P.M.J. Van den Hof,et al.  A model-based control framework for industrial batch crystallization processes , 2010 .

[129]  Keshra Sangwal,et al.  Additives and Crystallization Processes: From Fundamentals to Applications , 2007 .

[130]  Jean-Pierre Corriou,et al.  A new look at optimal control of a batch crystallizer , 2008 .

[131]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Calibration-free quantitative application of in situ Raman spectroscopy to a crystallization process. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[132]  S. Katz,et al.  Some problems in particle technology: A statistical mechanical formulation , 1964 .

[133]  Konrad Hungerbühler,et al.  In-situ monitoring of pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals crystallization processes using endoscopy-stroboscopy and multivariate image analysis , 2012 .

[134]  Reginald B. H. Tan,et al.  Recent Advances in Crystallization control: An Industrial Perspective , 2007 .

[135]  Kevin J. Roberts,et al.  Multi-dimensional population balance modeling of the growth of rod-like L-glutamic acid crystals using growth rates estimated from in-process imaging , 2007 .

[136]  Kati Pöllänen,et al.  Dynamic PCA-based MSPC charts for nucleation prediction in batch cooling crystallization processes , 2006 .

[137]  N. Kubota,et al.  Effect of Impurities on the Growth Kinetics of Crystals , 2001 .

[138]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Measurement of particle size and shape by FBRM and in situ microscopy , 2008 .

[139]  Cheng-Zhong Xu,et al.  Reachability-based feedback control of crystal size distribution in batch crystallization processes , 2012 .

[140]  Jean-Charles Pinoli,et al.  Quantification of overlapping polygonal-shaped particles based on a new segmentation method of in situ images during crystallization , 2012, J. Electronic Imaging.

[141]  Kevin J. Roberts,et al.  Real-time product morphology monitoring in crystallization using imaging technique , 2005 .

[142]  Kevin J. Roberts,et al.  Multi-scale segmentation image analysis for the in-process monitoring of particle shape with batch crystallisers , 2005 .

[143]  K. Sundmacher,et al.  Crystal Aggregation in a Flow Tube: Image-Based Observation , 2011 .

[144]  Fernando Rocha,et al.  Using an Online Image Analysis Technique to Characterize Sucrose Crystal Morphology during a Crystallization Run , 2011 .

[145]  R. Tan,et al.  In Situ Determination of Metastable Zone Width Using Dielectric Constant Measurement , 2010 .

[146]  Fevotte Gilles,et al.  On Multiple Nucleation Bursts During Solution Crystallization in Pure and Impure Solvent , 2012 .

[147]  Jose Alvarez-Ramirez,et al.  Fractal analysis of crystallization slurry images , 2010 .

[148]  Ali Abbas,et al.  Multi-resolution fuzzy clustering approach for image-based particle characterization for particle systems , 2011 .

[149]  M. Louhi-Kultanen,et al.  In-line image analysis on the effects of additives in batch cooling crystallization , 2006 .

[150]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Determination of the Kinetic Parameters for the Crystallization of Paracetamol from Water Using Metastable Zone Width Experiments , 2008 .

[151]  R. Braatz,et al.  Direct design of pharmaceutical antisolvent crystallization through concentration control , 2006 .

[152]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Combined Quadrature Method of Moments and Method of Characteristics Approach for Efficient Solution of Population Balance Models for Dynamic Modeling and Crystal Size Distribution Control of Crystallization Processes , 2009 .

[153]  B. Glennon,et al.  In-situ monitoring and characterization of plug flow crystallizers , 2012 .

[154]  Ali N. Saleemi,et al.  Enhancing crystalline properties of a cardiovascular active pharmaceutical ingredient using a process analytical technology based crystallization feedback control strategy. , 2012, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[155]  Ali N. Saleemi,et al.  The impact of direct nucleation control on crystal size distribution in pharmaceutical crystallization processes , 2009 .

[156]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Real‐time control of a semi‐industrial fed‐batch evaporative crystallizer using different direct optimization strategies , 2011 .

[157]  Hassan Hammouri,et al.  Nonlinear observer of crystal‐size distribution during batch crystallization , 2006 .

[158]  Debasis Sarkar,et al.  Multi-objective optimization of seeded batch crystallization processes , 2006 .

[159]  J. Rawlings,et al.  Industrial crystallization process control , 2006, IEEE Control Systems.

[160]  Matheus Soares,et al.  A Simple Method Based on the Application of a CCD Camera as a Sensor to Detect Low Concentrations of Barium Sulfate in Suspension , 2011, Sensors.

[161]  Kevin J. Roberts,et al.  Particle Shape Characterisation via Image Analysis: from Laboratory Studies to In-process Measurements Using an in Situ Particle Viewer System , 2008 .

[162]  Paolo Gronchi,et al.  Dangerous substances from industrial activities. Emission estimation method for surface water concentration 1 . , 2007 .

[163]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Nonlinear Model-Based Control of a Semi-Industrial Batch Crystallizer Using a Population Balance Modeling Framework , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[164]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Combined PAT-solid state analytical approach for the detection and study of sodium benzoate hydrate , 2009 .

[165]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Internal Fines Removal Using Population Balance Model Based Control of Crystal Size Distribution under Dissolution, Growth and Nucleation Mechanisms , 2011 .

[166]  J. Durbin,et al.  Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. II. , 1950, Biometrika.

[167]  L. L. Simon,et al.  Endoscopy-Based in Situ Bulk Video Imaging of Batch Crystallization Processes , 2009 .

[168]  R. Braatz,et al.  High resolution algorithms for multidimensional population balance equations , 2004 .

[169]  D. O'grady,et al.  A Review of the Use of Process Analytical Technology for the Understanding and Optimization of Production Batch Crystallization Processes , 2005 .

[170]  Q. Hu,et al.  Modelling and optimization of seeded batch crystallizers , 2005, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[171]  Christopher S Towler,et al.  Impact of molecular speciation on crystal nucleation in polymorphic systems: the conundrum of gamma glycine and molecular 'self poisoning'. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[172]  Ali Abbas,et al.  Automatic image-based estimation of texture analysis as a monitoring tool for crystal growth , 2013 .

[173]  Richard D. Braatz,et al.  Precise tailoring of the crystal size distribution by controlled growth and continuous seeding from impinging jet crystallizers , 2011 .

[174]  Michael F. Doherty,et al.  A New Model for the Effect of Molecular Imposters on the Shape of Faceted Molecular Crystals , 2009 .

[175]  Zoltan K. Nagy,et al.  Automatic differentiation‐based quadrature method of moments for solving population balance equations , 2012 .

[176]  Shouji Hirota,et al.  Unsteady-state impurity effect of chromium (III) on the growth rate of potassium sulfate crystal in aqueous solution , 1997 .

[177]  B. Glennon,et al.  A Calibration-Free Application of Raman Spectroscopy to the Monitoring of Mannitol Crystallization and Its Polymorphic Transformation , 2010 .