A Discussion on natural strain and geological structure - The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets

The total energy involved in emplacing a thrust sheet is expended in initiation and growth of the thrust surface, slip along this surface, and deformation within the main mass of the sheet. This total energy can be determined from potential energy considerations knowing the initial and final geometry from balanced cross sections after defining the thrust’s thermodynamic system boundaries. Emplacement of the McConnell thrust in the Canadian Rockies involved ca. 1019 J of gravitational work, an order of magnitude greater than any possible work by longitudinal compressive surface forces. A new theory for the initiation and growth of thrusts as ductile fractures is based on a demonstration that thrust displacement is linearly related to thrust map length and that fold complexes at the ends of thrusts are constant in size for a given metamorphic grade. Much of the total work is dissipated within the body of the sheet. Field observations show which mechanisms of dissipation are most important at various positions within the thrust sheet, and it is found that only the top 5 km of the McConnell was dominated by frictional sliding. A novel type of sliding along discrete surfaces is pressure solution slip, in which obstacles are by-passed by diffusive mass transfer. Fibres and pressure solution grooves are diagnostic features of this sliding law, in which slip velocity is linearly related to shear stress. Pressure solution slip is widespread at depths greater than about 5 km, but at this depth penetrative whole rock deformation by pressure solution becomes dominant - marked by cleavage and stretching directions - and accounts for much of the finite strain within the thrust sheet. The McConnell thrust has an outer layer which deformed by frictional sliding and this overlies a massive linearly viscous core responsible for much of the energy dissipation and gross mechanical behaviour.

[1]  James D. Byerlee,et al.  Theory of Friction Based on Brittle Fracture , 1967 .

[2]  C. Hunt Structure, seismic data and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountains , 1967 .

[3]  J. T. Engelder,et al.  Cataclasis and the Generation of Fault Gouge , 1974 .

[4]  C. D. A. Dahlstrom Structural geology in the eastern margin of the canadian rocky mountains , 1970 .

[5]  P. Macclintock Crescentic Crack, Crescentic Gouge, Friction Crack, and Glacier Movement , 1953, The Journal of Geology.

[6]  D. Cook Structure style influenced by lithofacies, Rocky Mountain Main Ranges, Alberta-British Columbia , 1975 .

[7]  M. Ashby,et al.  On grain boundary sliding and diffusional creep , 1971 .

[8]  H. C. Heard,et al.  Tectonic Implications of Gypsum Dehydration , 1966 .

[9]  D. Elliott Deformation Paths in Structural Geology , 1972 .

[10]  J. Ramsay,et al.  Strain variation in shear belts , 1970 .

[11]  K. Hsu Role of Cohesive Strength in the Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting and of Landsliding , 1969 .

[12]  J. Weertman,et al.  A dislocation theory analysis of fault creep events , 1973 .

[13]  D. Elliott The motion of thrust sheets , 1976 .

[14]  M. Paterson,et al.  Experimental deformation of serpentinite and its tectonic implications , 1965 .

[15]  D. Elliott Diffusion Flow Laws in Metamorphic Rocks , 1973 .

[16]  M. Lindström Steps facing against the slip direction: a model , 1974, Geological Magazine.

[17]  R. B. Campbell,et al.  Paleodrainage Pattern and Late-Orogenic Basins of the Canadian Cordillera , 1974 .

[18]  Gregory A. Davis,et al.  ROLE OF FLUID PRESSURE IN MECHANICS OF OVERTHRUST FAULTING: DISCUSSION , 1965 .

[19]  R. Douglas Mount Head map-area, Alberta , 1958 .

[20]  Sliding Friction and Overthrust Faulting , 1965, The Journal of Geology.