Second Occurrence Focus and theAcoustics of Prominence

Partee (1991) challenged the significance of the observation that certain adverbs (e.g., only) reliably associate with phonologically prominent words to truth‐conditional effect, noting second occurrence (i.e., repeated or given) focus (SOF) appears to lack a phonological realization. Rooth (1996), Bartels (2004), Beaver et al. (2004), Jaeger (2004), and Fry and Ishihara (2005) argued that, while not intonationally prominent, an SOF word can be marked by increased duration and/or increased rms intensity. An acoustic study of verb‐noun homophone pairs is reported. Three sophisticated speakers uttered five repetitions of the targets, embedded in discourses, in first occurrence (FOF), SOF, and unfocused (NF) contexts, both pre‐ and postnuclearly. Syntagmatic comparison shows a durational effect for focus and ordering in the FOF/NF case, yet only an effect of ordering in SOF/NF; similarly, an effect of spectral balance (H1‐H3) was found for FOF/NF but none for SOF/NF. Results suggest, contrary to previous ass...

[1]  Marc Richards,et al.  On Object Shift, Phases, and Transitive Expletive Constructions in Germanic , 2006 .

[2]  D. Fox.  Reconstruction, Binding Theory, and the Interpretation of Chains , 1999, Linguistic Inquiry.

[3]  Julie C. Sedivy,et al.  Subject Terms: Linguistics Language Eyes & eyesight Cognition & reasoning , 1995 .

[4]  S. Thompson,et al.  The discourse basis for lexical categories in universal grammar , 1984 .

[5]  M. Teresa Espinal,et al.  The Representation of Disjunct Constituents. , 1991 .

[6]  P. Sells.  Aspects of logophoricity , 1987 .

[7]  Diane Massam,et al.  Patterns of Phrasal Movement: The Niuean DP , 2006 .

[8]  Peter A. Machonis.  Syntax of Idioms , 2004 .

[9]  William A. Ladusaw.  Polarity sensitivity as inherent scope relations , 1980 .

[10]  M. Zubizarreta.  Prosody, Focus, and Word Order , 1998 .

[11]  Michael K. Tanenhaus,et al.  Filling Gaps On-Line: Use of Lexical and Semantic Information in Sentence Processing , 1991 .

[12]  Luigi Rizzi,et al.  Strategies of Subject Extraction , 2007 .

[13]  V. Huss.  English Word Stress in the Post-Nuclear Position , 1978, Phonetica.

[14]  Caroline Vieri Fery,et al.  Focus Projection and Prosodic Prominence in Nested Foci , 2006 .

[15]  Peggy Speas,et al.  Functional Heads and the Mirror Principle , 1991 .

[16]  David Embick,et al.  Linearization and local dislocation: derivational mechanics and interactions , 2003 .

[17]  Caroline Féry,et al.  Information structural notions and the fallacy of invariant correlates , 2008 .

[18]  C. F. Hockett,et al.  A System of Descriptive Phonology , 1942 .

[19]  Mats Rooth.  On the Interface Principles for Intonational Focus , 1996 .

[20]  P. Sgall,et al.  Topic-focus articulation, tripartite structures, and semantic content , 1998 .

[21]  Rolf Noyer,et al.  Movement Operations after Syntax , 2001, Linguistic Inquiry.

[22]  Martin J. Pickering,et al.  Sentence processing without empty categories , 1991 .

[23]  Jean-Marie Marandin.  Unaccusative inversion in French , 2001 .

[24]  Marcin Morzycki,et al.  Mediated *modification: Functional structure and the interpretation of modifier position , 2005 .

[25]  Sun-Young Oh,et al.  Toward universals in the gestural organization of syllables: A cross-linguistic study of liquids , 2006, J. Phonetics.

[26]  Takeshi Nozawa,et al.  On the perception and production of Japanese stops by native speakers of Korean , 2000 .

[27]  Manfred Krifka,et al.  A Compositional Semantics for Multiple Focus Constructions , 1991 .

[28]  Ash Asudeh,et al.  Constraints on Linguistic Coreference: Structural vs. Pragmatic Factors , 2001 .

[29]  Roger Schwarzschild,et al.  GIVENNESS, AVOIDF AND OTHER CONSTRAINTS ON THE PLACEMENT OF ACCENT* , 1999 .

[30]  Shigeto Kawahara,et al.  Voicing and geminacy in Japanese: An acoustic and perceptual study , 2005 .

[31]  Larry E. Travis,et al.  Derived objects, inner aspect and the structure of VP , 1991 .

[32]  B. Partee.  Topic, Focus and Quantification , 1991 .

[33]  Michael K Tanenhaus,et al.  Assignment of reference to reflexives and pronouns in picture noun phrases: evidence from eye movements , 2003, Cognition.

[34]  Heejeong Ko,et al.  Syntax of Why-in-situ: Merge Into [SPEC,CP] in the Overt Syntax , 2005 .

[35]  I. Laka.  Negation in syntax--on the nature of functional categories and projections , 1990 .

[36]  Yukio Oba,et al.  ON THE DOUBLE OBJECT CONSTRUCTION , 1993 .

[37]  Susanne Gahl,et al.  Knowledge of Grammar Includes Knowledge of Syntactic Probabilities , 2006 .

[38]  J. Higginbotham.  The Logic of Perceptual Reports: An Extensional Alternative to Situation Semantics , 1983 .

[39]  Ho-min Sohn,et al.  The Korean language , 1999 .

[40]  Manfred Krifka.  Focus and/or Context: A Second Look at Second Occurrence Expressions , 2002, Context-Dependence in the Analysis of Linguistic Meaning.

[41]  Hiroyuki Nagahara,et al.  Phonological phrasing in Japanese , 1994 .

[42]  Kees Hengeveld,et al.  Non-Verbal Predication: Theory, Typology, Diachrony , 1992 .

[43]  James M Scobbie,et al.  Looking variation and change in the mouth:developing the sociolinguistic potential ofUltrasound Tongue Imaging. , 2008 .

[44]  Satoshi Tomioka,et al.  The Japanese existential possession: A case study of pragmatic disambiguation , 2007 .

[45]  Juvnal Ndayiragije,et al.  Checking Economy , 1999, Linguistic Inquiry.

[46]  Ángel J. Gallego,et al.  Sub-extraction from subjects: A phase theory account , 2007 .

[47]  T. Reinhart.  Pragmatics and Linguistics: an analysis of Sentence Topics , 1981, Philosophica.

[48]  Joachim Jacobs,et al.  Focus Ambiguities , 1991, J. Semant..

[49]  D. Fox.  Antecedent-Contained Deletion and the Copy Theory of Movement , 2002, Linguistic Inquiry.

[50]  Athina Sioupi.  Morphological and telicity aspect with accomplishment VPs in Greek , 2005, Crosslinguistic Views on Tense, Aspect and Modality.

[51]  A. House,et al.  The Influence of Consonant Environment upon the Secondary Acoustical Characteristics of Vowels , 1953 .

[52]  I. Heim.  E-Type pronouns and donkey anaphora , 1990 .

[53]  Morris Halle,et al.  Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection , 1993 .

[54]  Yurie Hara,et al.  GRAMMAR OF KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION: JAPANESE DISCOURSE ITEMS AT INTERFACES , 2006 .

[55]  S. Khan.  Bengali intonational phonology , 2006 .

[56]  F. Newmeyer.  Language Form And Language Function , 1998 .

[57]  L. Gleitman.  The Structural Sources of Verb Meanings , 2020, Sentence First, Arguments Afterward.

[58]  J. Pierrehumbert.  The phonology and phonetics of English intonation , 1987 .

[59]  Jonathan W. Nissenbaum,et al.  Investigations of covert phrase movement , 2000 .

[60]  Danny Fox,et al.  Cyclic Linearization of Syntactic Structure , 2005 .

[61]  Antonella Sorace,et al.  Gradience in Linguistic Data , 2005 .

[62]  Michael Rochemont,et al.  Focus in Generative Grammar , 1986 .

[63]  Irina A. Sekerina,et al.  The kindergarten-path effect: studying on-line sentence processing in young children , 1999, Cognition.

[64]  Melita Stavrou,et al.  Actions and their Results in Greek and English: The Complementarity of Morphologically Encoded (Viewpoint) Aspect and Syntactic Resultative Predication , 2003, J. Semant..

[65]  Anuradha Saksena,et al.  Topics in the Analysis of Causatives with an Account of Hindi Paradigms , 1982 .

[66]  Tammy Jandrey Hertel.  Lexical and discourse factors in the second language acquisition of Spanish word order , 2003 .

[67]  Masayoshi Shibatani,et al.  Three Reasons for Not Deriving ‘Kill’ from ‘Cause to Die’ in Japanese , 1972 .

[68]  Julien Musolino,et al.  Universal Grammar and the Acquisition of Semantic Knowledge: An Experimental Investigation into the Acquisition of Quantifier-Negation Interaction in English , 1999 .

[69]  Chris Barker,et al.  Dynamic excursions on weak islands , 1998 .

[70]  Maria Polinsky,et al.  Linguistic typology and theory construction: Common challenges ahead , 2007 .

[71]  Hajime Hoji,et al.  Logical form constraints and configurational structures in Japanese , 1985 .

[72]  Maryellen C. MacDonald,et al.  The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution , 1994 .

[73]  Keren Rice,et al.  Morpheme Order and Semantic Scope: Word Formation in the Athapaskan Verb , 2000 .

[74]  Dan Jurafsky,et al.  Probabilistic Modeling in Psycholinguistics: Linguistic Comprehension and Production , 2006 .

[75]  Daniel Büring,et al.  The Meaning of Topic and Focus: The 59th Street Bridge Accent , 1997 .

[76]  James Kari.  The Disjunct Boundary in the Navajo and Tanaina Verb Prefix Complexes , 1975, International Journal of American Linguistics.

[77]  D Swinney,et al.  The role of structure in coreference assignment during sentence comprehension , 1989, Journal of psycholinguistic research.

[78]  Gisela Zifonun,et al.  Grammatik der deutschen Sprache , 1997 .

[79]  L. Haegeman,et al.  NEGATIVE HEADS AND THE NEG CRITERION , 1991 .

[80]  G. Csibra,et al.  Teleological reasoning in infancy: the naı̈ve theory of rational action , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[81]  Anne Zribi-Hertz.  Anaphor Binding and Narrative Point of View: English Reflexive Pronouns in Sentence and Discourse , 1989 .

[82]  Christopher Potts,et al.  The syntax and semantics of As-parentheticals , 2002 .

[83]  Michael Kenstowicz,et al.  Issues in loanword adaptation: A case study from Thai , 2006 .

[84]  Jaume Mateu.  Arguing our way to the Direct Object Restriction on English resultatives , 2005 .

[85]  Jeffrey T. Runner.  Noun Phrase Licensing , 1998 .

[86]  G. Evans.  Pronouns, Quantifiers, and Relative Clauses (l) , 1977, Canadian Journal of Philosophy.

[87]  Rob A. van der Sandt,et al.  Presupposition Projection as Anaphora Resolution , 1992, J. Semant..

[88]  Frank Keller,et al.  Gradience in Grammar: Experimental and Computational Aspects of Degrees of Grammaticality , 2001 .

[89]  Tomoko Kawamura,et al.  A feature-checking analysis of Japanese scrambling , 2004, Journal of Linguistics.

[90]  R. Lieber.  Deconstructing Morphology: Word Formation in Syntactic Theory , 1992 .

[91]  Uli Sauerland,et al.  The Interpretation of Traces , 2004 .

[92]  Fabian Beijer,et al.  Michal Starke's Move Dissolves into Merge: A Theory of Locality , 2001 .

[93]  Peter Svenonius,et al.  Microparameters of Cross-LinguisticVariation: Directed Motion and Resultatives , 2008 .

[94]  Catia Cucchiarini,et al.  r-deletion in Dutch : rumours or reality? , 2001 .

[95]  S A Jun,et al.  A Prosodic Analysis of Three Types of Wh-Phrases in Korean , 1996, Language and speech.

[96]  Lynn Nichols,et al.  The syntactic basis of referential hierarchy phenomena: clues from languages with and without morphological case , 2001 .

[97]  ILGs Interlanguage,et al.  FOCUS AND SPLIT-INTRANSITIVITY : THE ACQUISITION OF WORD ORDER ALTERNATIONS IN NON-NATIVE SPANISH , 2006 .

[98]  Katalin É. Kiss,et al.  Discourse configurational languages , 1995 .

[99]  B. Schein.  Plurals and Events , 1994 .

[100]  Erik Andersson,et al.  Svenska Akademiens grammatik , 1999 .

[101]  T. Hoekstra,et al.  UNERGATIVES AS COPULAR VERBS; LOCATIONAL AND EXISTENTIAL PREDICATION , 1990 .

[102]  M. Haspelmath,et al.  More on the typology of inchoative/causative verb alternations , 1993 .

[103]  Mark Sebba,et al.  The syntax of serial verbs , 1987 .

[104]  Arnim von Stechow,et al.  Fast 'Almost' and the Visibility Parameter for Functional Adverbs , 1999, J. Semant..

[105]  P. Foulkes,et al.  Another chapter in the story of /r/: ‘Labiodental’ variants in British English , 2000 .

[106]  Robert Fiengo,et al.  On How to Use -Wa , 2002 .

[107]  A. Kratzer.  An investigation of the lumps of thought , 1989 .

[108]  M. Halliday.  NOTES ON TRANSITIVITY AND THEME IN ENGLISH. PART 2 , 1967 .

[109]  久野 暲.  Functional syntax : anaphora, discourse and empathy , 1987 .

[110]  Keir Moulton,et al.  Merge, Conflation, and Head Movement: the First Sister Principle Revisited , 2004 .

[111]  Richard S. Kayne.  Connectedness and binary branching , 1984 .

[112]  Bernard Comrie,et al.  Time in language. , 2000 .

[113]  M. Pinto.  Licensing and interpretation of inverted subjects in Italian , 1997 .

[114]  Monika S. Schmid.  Translating the Elusive: Marked word order and subjectivity in English-German translation , 1999 .

[115]  Jaume Mateu,et al.  A Syntactic Approach to Illusive Event Type-Shiftings ∗ , 2002 .

[116]  Ilse Lehiste.  Phonetic Manifestation of Syntactic Structure in English (音声研究の展開 ) , 1980 .

[117]  C. Pollard.  Anhaphors in English and the scope of binding theory , 1992 .

[118]  Carol Lee Tenny,et al.  Aspectual roles and the syntax-semantics interface , 1994 .

[119]  Anna Szabolcsi.  Ways of Scope Taking , 1997 .

[120]  Andreas Kathol,et al.  Papers in semantics , 1996 .

[121]  Julia Horvath,et al.  FOCUS in the Theory of Grammar and the Syntax of Hungarian , 1986 .

[122]  Roberto Zamparelli,et al.  QUANTIFICATION AND THE NATURE OF CROSSLINGUISTIC VARIATION* , 2001 .

[123]  Yolanda Vazquez-Alvarez,et al.  The ‘Trough Effect’: an Ultrasound Study , 2007, Phonetica.

[124]  Van Valin,et al.  Semantic Parameters of Split Intransitivity , 1990 .

[125]  P. Sturt,et al.  The time-course of the application of binding constraints in reference resolution , 2003 .

[126]  C. Fowler.  Differential Shortening of Repeated Content Words Produced in Various Communicative Contexts , 1988, Language and speech.

[127]  Steven Pinker,et al.  Language learnability and language development , 1985 .

[128]  Jeong-Im Han.  The phonetics and phonology of "tense" and "plain" consonants in Korean , 1996 .

[129]  Chien-Jer Charles Lin,et al.  GRAMMAR AND PARSING: A TYPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF RELATIVE-CLAUSE PROCESSING , 2006 .

[130]  Hyunsoon Kim.  Feature-driven non-native perception in loanword adaptation between Japanese and Korean , 2007 .

[131]  Stephanie Harves.  Unaccusative syntax in Russian , 2003 .

[132]  Craige Roberts.  Information structure in discourse: Towards an integrated for-mal theory of pragmatics , 1996 .

[133]  Daniel H.S. Silverman,et al.  Multiple scansions in loanword phonology: evidence from Cantonese , 1992, Phonology.

[134]  Keun-Won Sohn,et al.  Negative polarity items, scope, and economy , 1995 .

[135]  John Robert Ross,et al.  Constraints on variables in syntax , 1967 .

[136]  Hisao Tokizaki.  Prosodic phrasing and bare phrase structure , 1999 .

[137]  L. Lisker,et al.  A Cross-Language Study of Voicing in Initial Stops: Acoustical Measurements , 1964 .

[138]  James Pustejovsky,et al.  The syntax of event structure , 1991, Cognition.

[139]  Irene Heim,et al.  Semantics in generative grammar , 1998 .

[140]  K. Fujita,et al.  Double objects, causatives, and derivational economy , 1996 .

[141]  E. Selkirk,et al.  Phase theory and prosodic spellout: The case of verbs , 2007 .

[142]  D. O'Shaughnessy.  A study of French vowel and consonant durations , 1981 .

[143]  Naoko Tomioka,et al.  THE INTERACTION BETWEEN RESTRUCTURING AND CAUSATIVE MORPHOLOGY IN JAPANESE , 2007 .

[144]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures , 1978 .

[145]  Paul Boersma,et al.  Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer , 2002 .

[146]  K. Sakuma.  The structure of the Japanese language , 1951 .

[147]  Sharon Unsworth,et al.  Children's Interpretation of Indefinites in Sentences Containing Negation: A Reassessment of the Cross-linguistic Picture , 2008 .

[148]  Y. Homma,et al.  Durational relationship between Japanese stops and vowels , 1981 .

[149]  Janet D. Fodor,et al.  The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model , 1978, Cognition.

[150]  Willem H. Vieregge,et al.  Intra- and interspeaker variation of /r/ in dutch , 1993, EUROSPEECH.

[151]  Donca Steriade,et al.  The Phonology of Perceptibility Effects: The P-Map and Its Consequences for Constraint Organization , 2008 .

[152]  Uli Sauerland,et al.  The meaning of chains , 1998 .

[153]  B. Hayes.  The phonology of rhythm in English , 1984 .

[154]  Carole Paradis,et al.  Category Preservation and Proximity versus Phonetic Approximation in Loanword Adaptation , 2005, Linguistic Inquiry.

[155]  黒田 成幸.  Generative grammatical studies in the Japanese language , 1965 .

[156]  J. Stuart-Smith.  A SOCIOPHONETIC INVESTIGATION OF POSTVOCALIC /r/ IN GLASWEGIAN ADOLESCENTS , 2007 .

[157]  W. Poser.  The Phonetics and Phonology of Tone and Intonation in Japanese , 1990 .

[158]  Uwe Reyle,et al.  From Discourse to Logic - Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory , 1993, Studies in linguistics and philosophy.

[159]  C. Clifton,et al.  Plausibility and argument structure in sentence comprehension , 1998, Memory & cognition.

[160]  Edward Flemming,et al.  Auditory Representations in Phonology , 2002 .

[161]  Concha Castillo,et al.  On raising predicates , 2000 .

[162]  Carlota S. Smith,et al.  The Parameter of Aspect , 1991 .

[163]  Cristóbal Lozano,et al.  Postverbal subjects at the interfaces in Spanish and Italian learners of L2 English: a corpus analysis , 2008 .

[164]  Marjo van Koppen,et al.  One Probe - Two Goals : Aspects of agreement in Dutch dialects , 2005 .

[165]  Teun Hoekstra,et al.  Small clause results , 1988 .

[166]  H. Van de Velde,et al.  The Pronunciation of (r) in Standard Dutch , 1999 .

[167]  Edward Gibson,et al.  Argumenthood and English Prepositional Phrase Attachment , 1999 .

[168]  Robert Stalnaker,et al.  Presuppositions of Compound Sentences , 2008 .

[169]  Adrian P. Simpson,et al.  Fundamental problems in comparative phonetics and phonology. Does UPSID help to solve them , 1999 .

[170]  U. Shlonsky.  Null and displaced subjects , 1987 .

[171]  Irene Vogel,et al.  The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish , 2001, Phonology.

[172]  Sharon Unsworth,et al.  Child L2, Adult L2, Child L1: Differences and Similarities. A Study on the Acquisition of Direct Object Scrambling in Dutch , 2005 .

[173]  Gillian Ramchand,et al.  Prepositions and Results in Italian and English: an Analysis from Event Decomposition , 2005 .

[174]  Jairo Nunes,et al.  The Copy Theory of movement and linearization of chains in the Minimalist Program , 1995 .

[175]  Ivan Ortega-Santos.  On Locative Inversion and the EPP in Spanish , 2007 .

[176]  Andrea Gualmini,et al.  Some knowledge children don't lack , 2004 .

[177]  Takeru Suzuki,et al.  A theory of lexical functors : light heads in the lexicon and the syntax , 1997 .

[178]  H. Harley.  Subjects, events, and licensing , 1995 .

[179]  Bart Geurts,et al.  Interpreting focus , 2004 .

[180]  Anoop Mahajan.  Towards a Unified Treatment of Wh-Expletives in Hindi and German , 2000 .

[181]  David I. Beaver,et al.  When Semantics Meets Phonetics: Acoustical Studies of Second-Occurrence Focus , 2007 .

[182]  P. Ladefoged.  Vowels and consonants : an introduction to the sounds of languages , 2001 .

[183]  Barbara H. Partee,et al.  Context-Dependence in the Analysis of Linguistic Meaning , 2002 .

[184]  M. Řezáč,et al.  Elements of Cyclic Syntax: Agree and Merge (2004) , 2004 .

[185]  Masatoshi Koizumi.  Object agreement phrases and the Split VP Hypothesis , 1993 .

[186]  Robert Freidin,et al.  Fundamental Issues in the Theory of Binding , 1986 .

[187]  J. Scobbie,et al.  Quasi-phonemic contrast and the fuzzy inventory: examples from Scottish English , 2008 .

[188]  Carole Paradis,et al.  Preservation and minimality in loanword adaptation , 1997, Journal of Linguistics.

[189]  Luigi Rizzi,et al.  Issues in Italian Syntax , 1981 .

[190]  S. Shinoara.  Analyse phonologique de l'adaptation japonaise de mots etrangers , 1997 .

[191]  Ken Hale,et al.  On the syntax of argument structure , 1991 .

[192]  H. D. Koot,et al.  Dutch scrambling and the nature of discourse templates , 2008 .

[193]  Moira Yip,et al.  Cantonese loanword phonology and optimality theory , 1993 .

[194]  A. Battersby.  Plans and the Structure of Behavior , 1968 .

[195]  David Silva,et al.  Acoustic evidence for the emergence of tonal contrast in contemporary Korean , 2006, Phonology.

[196]  Ilan Hazout.  Verbal nouns : theta theoretic studies in Hebrew and Arabic , 1991 .

[197]  Agaath M. C. Sluijter,et al.  Spectral balance as an acoustic correlate of linguistic stress. , 1996, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[198]  Manuel Español-Echevarría,et al.  Inalienable possession in copulative contexts and the DP-structure☆ , 1997 .

[199]  Jane H. Hill.  A Grammar of Cupeño , 2005 .

[200]  M. Frascarelli,et al.  Types of topics in German and Italian , 2007 .

[201]  Marga Reis,et al.  On Justifying Topological Frames : 'Positional Field' and the Order of Nonverbal Constituents in German ⁰ , 1980 .

[202]  Caroline Féry,et al.  Phonetic correlates of Second occurrence Focus , 2005 .

[203]  Dominique Sportiche,et al.  Reconstruction, Binding, and Scope , 2007 .

[204]  Silvia P. Gennari,et al.  Acquisition of Negation and Quantification: Insights From Adult Production and Comprehension , 2006, Language acquisition.

[205]  Lotus Goldberg,et al.  Verb-Stranding VP Ellipsis: A cross-linguistic study , 2005 .

[206]  Heather Newell,et al.  Syllabification, stress and derivation by phase in Ojibwa * , 2005 .

[207]  J. Scobbie,et al.  Articulatory Insights into Language Variation and Change: Preliminary Findings from an Ultrasound Study of Derhoticization in Scottish English , 2008 .

[208]  A. Gualmini,et al.  The Question–Answer Requirement for scope assignment , 2008 .

[209]  Hubert Truckenbrodt,et al.  Phonological phrases : their relation to syntax, focus, and prominence , 1995 .

[210]  R. Freeze.  EXISTENTIALS AND OTHER LOCATIVES , 1992 .

[211]  Carlos Gussenhoven,et al.  Testing the Reality of Focus Domains , 1983 .

[212]  S. Crain,et al.  Why children and adults sometimes (but not always) compute implicatures , 2005 .

[213]  R. Young,et al.  The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary , 1943 .

[214]  Bernhard Wolfgang Rohrbacher,et al.  THE GERMANIC VO LANGUAGES AND THE FULL PARADIGM : A THEORY OF V-TO-I RAISING , 1994 .

[215]  Gillian Ramchand,et al.  Aspect and Predication: The Semantics of Argument Structure , 1997 .

[216]  B. Geurts.  Presuppositions and Anaphors in Attitude Contexts , 1998 .

[217]  Anna Roussou,et al.  On the interaction of case and definiteness in modern Greek , 1994 .

[218]  Yoshiki Ogawa,et al.  The Stage/Individual Distinction and (In)alienable Possession , 2001 .

[219]  D. Klatt.  Linguistic uses of segmental duration in English: acoustic and perceptual evidence. , 1976, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[220]  Ellen F. Prince,et al.  Toward a taxonomy of given-new information , 1981 .

[221]  D. Embick,et al.  Features, Syntax, and Categories in the Latin Perfect , 2000, Linguistic Inquiry.

[222]  Been There , Marked That — A Theory of Second Occurrence Focus , 2006 .

[223]  Coarticulation • Suprasegmentals,et al.  Acoustic Phonetics , 2019, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders.

[224]  Malka Rappaport Hovav,et al.  An Event Structure Account of English Resultatives , 2001 .

[225]  W. Cooper,et al.  Speech timing of grammatical categories , 1978, Cognition.

[226]  Tal Siloni.  Noun Phrases and Nominalizations , 1997 .

[227]  Samuel David Epstein,et al.  Rule Applications as Cycles in a Level-Free Syntax , 2008 .

[228]  B. Voortman,et al.  Regionale variatie in het taalgebruik van notabelen. Een sociolinguïstisch onderzoek in Middelburg, Roermond en Zutphen , 1994 .

[229]  M. Saito.  Some asymmetries in Japanese and their theoretical implications , 1985 .

[230]  Germen J. de Haan.  Inflection and Cliticization in Frisian: -sto , -ste , -st , 1994 .

[231]  Mats Rooth.  A theory of focus interpretation , 1992, Natural Language Semantics.

[232]  Stanley S. Newman.  On the Stress System of English , 1946 .

[233]  Ray Jackendoff,et al.  Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar , 1972 .

[234]  Sandra Stjepanovic,et al.  What do second position cliticization, scrambling and multiple wh-fronting have in common? , 1999 .

[235]  Association Focus , 1999 .

[236]  George Lakoff,et al.  Irregularity In Syntax , 1970 .

[237]  A. Kratzer.  Severing the External Argument from its Verb , 1996 .

[238]  Jason Kandybowicz,et al.  Comp-Trace Effects Explained Away , 2006 .

[239]  Richard Ogden,et al.  A Parametric Approach to the Phonetics of Postvocalic /r/ in Dutch , 2003, Phonetica.

[240]  David Pesetsky,et al.  Paths and categories , 1982 .

[241]  Terence Parsons,et al.  Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics , 1990 .

[242]  Chin-Wu Kim.  On the Autonomy of the Tensity Feature in Stop Classification (with Special Reference to Korean Stops) , 1965 .

[243]  Michael Halliday,et al.  Cohesion in English , 1976 .

[244]  Bridget Samuels,et al.  The Syntax of Turkish Pre-Stressing Suffixes , 2008 .

[245]  Rex A. Sprouse,et al.  L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model , 1996 .

[246]  David Lebeaux,et al.  Language acquisition and the form of the grammar , 2000 .

[247]  Gisela Håkansson,et al.  Barnets väg till svensk syntax , 1997 .

[248]  Hiroaki Tada,et al.  Nominative Objects in Japanese , 1992 .

[249]  Mina Johnson-Glenberg,et al.  Not Propositions , 1999, Cognitive Systems Research.

[250]  T. R. Rapoport,et al.  Structure, aspect, and the predicate , 1999 .

[251]  Taisuke Nishigauchi,et al.  Quantification in the theory of grammar , 1990 .

[252]  Robert Truswell,et al.  Locality of wh-movement and the individuation of events , 2007 .

[253]  Frederick J. Newmeyer,et al.  Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage , 2003 .

[254]  Elisabeth Selkirk,et al.  CONTRASTIVE FOCUS, GIVENNESS AND THE UNMARKED STATUS OF "DISCOURSE-NEW"* , 2008 .

[255]  Christina Rosén.  "Warum klingt das nicht deutsch?" : Probleme der Informationsstrukturierung in deutschen Texten schwedischer Schüler und Studenten , 2006 .

[256]  Andrew Radford.  Syntax: Head movement , 1997 .

[257]  Norbert Hornstein,et al.  Two Types of Locality , 1987 .

[258]  C Y Espy-Wilson,et al.  Articulatory tradeoffs reduce acoustic variability during American English /r/ production. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[259]  Hideki Kishimoto.  Japanese as a Topic-Movement Language , 2006 .

[260]  Laurence R. Horn.  A Natural History of Negation , 1989 .