Experimental dissociations between memory measures: Influence of retrieval strategies

The objective of this study was to explore the participants' processing strategies on the mere exposure effect, object decision priming and explicit recognition. In Experiments 1, we observed that recognition and the mere exposure effect for unfamiliar three-dimensional objects were not dissociated by plane rotations in the same way as recognition and object decision priming. However, we showed that, under identical conditions, prompting analytic (part-based) processing at testing produced a large plane rotation effect on recognition and the mere exposure effect similar to that observed for object decision priming (Experiment 2). Furthermore, inducing a non-analytic (whole-based) processing strategy at testing produced a reduced plane rotation effect on recognition and object decision (Experiments 3 and 4), similar to that observed for the mere exposure effect. These findings suggest that participants' processing strategies influence performance on the three tasks.

[1]  Jeffrey P. Toth,et al.  Effects of Prior Experience on Judgments of Normative Word Frequency: Automatic Bias and Correction , 2002 .

[2]  David H. Silvera,et al.  Bigger is better: the influence of physical size on aesthetic preference judgments , 2002 .

[3]  The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: I. The heuristic basis of feelings of familiarity. , 2001 .

[4]  L. Jacoby.  A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory , 1991 .

[5]  D L Schacter,et al.  Implicit and explicit memory for novel visual objects: structure and function. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[6]  M J Tarr,et al.  Orientation-specific possibility priming for novel three-dimensional objects , 1999, Perception & psychophysics.

[7]  John G. Seamon,et al.  The mere exposure effect is based on implicit memory: Effects of stimulus type, encoding conditions, and number of exposures on recognition and affect judgments. , 1995 .

[8]  Jeremy K. Miller,et al.  Change in perceptual form attenuates the use of the fluency heuristic in recognition , 2003, Memory & cognition.

[9]  N. Schwarz,et al.  Effects of Perceptual Fluency on Affective Judgments , 1998 .

[10]  L D Williams,et al.  The source of feelings of familiarity: the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[11]  M. Tarr,et al.  Structural processing and implicit memory for possible and impossible figures. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[12]  D. Schacter.  Implicit memory: History and current status. , 1987 .

[13]  J. Seamon,et al.  A mere exposure effect for transformed three-dimensional objects: Effects of reflection, size, or color changes on affect and recognition , 1997, Memory & cognition.

[14]  B. W. Whittlesea,et al.  The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: II. Expectation, uncertainty, surprise, and feelings of familiarity. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[15]  Jeremy K. Miller,et al.  The attribution of perceptual fluency in recognition memory: the role of expectation , 2002 .

[16]  R. Kronauer,et al.  Affective Discrimination of Stimuli That Cannot Be Recognized , 2022 .

[17]  George Mandler,et al.  Nonspecific Effects of Exposure on Stimuli That Cannot Be Recognized , 1987 .

[18]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  How should implicit memory phenomena be modeled? , 1995, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition.

[19]  L. Cooper,et al.  Implicit memory for visual objects and the structural description system , 1990 .

[20]  Donald M. Wilson,et al.  Behavioral Neuroscience , 2011 .

[21]  B. W. Whittlesea,et al.  Implicit /explicit memory versus analytic/nonanalytic processing: Rethinking the mere exposure effect , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[22]  Daniel L. Schacter,et al.  Dissociations Between Structural and Episodic Representations of Visual Objects , 1992 .

[23]  L D Williams,et al.  Why do strangers feel familiar, but friends don't? A discrepancy-attribution account of feelings of familiarity. , 1998, Acta psychologica.

[24]  A. Columbus.  Advances in Psychology Research , 2005 .

[25]  Christine Bastin,et al.  The contribution of processing fluency to preference: A comparison with familiarity-based recognition , 2007 .

[26]  M. Tarr.  Rotating objects to recognize them: A case study on the role of viewpoint dependency in the recognition of three-dimensional objects , 1995, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[27]  L. Cermak,et al.  Perceptual fluency as a cue for recognition judgments in amnesia. , 1999, Neuropsychology.

[28]  R. Shepard,et al.  Mental Images and Their Transformations , 1982 .

[29]  R. Bornstein.  Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. , 1989 .

[30]  D L Schacter,et al.  Priming and recognition of transformed three-dimensional objects: effects of size and reflection. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[31]  B. W. Whittlesea,et al.  The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: I. The heuristic basis of feelings of familiarity. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[32]  N. Schwarz,et al.  Effects of Perceptual Fluency on Judgments of Truth , 1999, Consciousness and Cognition.

[33]  R Ratcliff,et al.  Bias in the priming of object decisions. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[34]  L. Squire,et al.  Intact Priming for Novel Perceptual Representations in Amnesia , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[35]  M. Delgado,et al.  Recognition Memory and Affective Preference for Depth-rotated Solid Objects: Part-based Structural Descriptions May Underlie the Mere Exposure Effect , 1999 .

[36]  John M. Gardiner,et al.  Generation and priming effects in word-fragment completion. , 1988 .

[37]  N. Brody,et al.  Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[38]  R. Bornstein,et al.  Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure effect. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[39]  M. Masson,et al.  Conceptually driven encoding episodes create perceptual misattributions. , 1998, Acta psychologica.

[40]  L. Cooper,et al.  Implicit memory for unfamiliar objects depends on access to structural descriptions. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[41]  Suparna Rajaram,et al.  Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past , 1993, Memory & cognition.

[42]  C. B. Cave,et al.  The effects of study-task relevance on perceptual repetition priming , 2003, Memory & cognition.

[43]  L. Cooper,et al.  Implicit memory for possible and impossible objects: constraints on the construction of structural descriptions. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[44]  D. Berry,et al.  Dissociating mere exposure and repetition priming as a function of word type , 2004, Memory & cognition.

[45]  G. Mandler.  Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. , 1980 .

[46]  Heather M. Kleider,et al.  The marriage of perception and memory: Creating two-way illusions with words and voices , 1999, Memory & cognition.

[47]  R. Bornstein,et al.  The Attribution and Discounting of Perceptual Fluency: Preliminary Tests of a Perceptual Fluency/Attributional Model of the Mere Exposure Effect , 1994 .

[48]  G. Bonanno,et al.  Preference, familiarity, and recognition after repeated brief exposures to random geometric shapes. , 1986, The American journal of psychology.

[49]  Matthew G. Rhodes,et al.  Making sense and nonsense of experience: Attributions in memory and judgment , 2002 .

[50]  L. Squire,et al.  Recognition memory and familiarity judgments in severe amnesia: no evidence for a contribution of repetition priming. , 2000, Behavioral neuroscience.

[51]  N. Brody,et al.  Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: II. Effect of delay between study and test , 1983 .

[52]  J D Gabrieli,et al.  On the relationship between recognition familiarity and perceptual fluency: evidence for distinct mnemonic processes. , 1998, Acta psychologica.

[53]  L. Cooper,et al.  The influence of task requirements on priming in object decision and matching , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[54]  J D Gabrieli,et al.  Dissociations between familiarity processes in explicit recognition and implicit perceptual memory. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[55]  Event and Decay of the Aesthetic Experience , 1991 .

[56]  L. Jacoby,et al.  On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[57]  Daniel L. Schacter,et al.  Preserved Priming of Novel Objects in Patients with Memory Disorders , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[58]  I. Begg,et al.  Repetition and the ring of truth: Biasing comments. , 1991 .

[59]  G. Rhodes,et al.  Are Average Facial Configurations Attractive Only Because of Their Symmetry? , 1999 .

[60]  Jeremy K. Miller,et al.  When does modality matter? Perceptual versus conceptual fluency-based illusions in recognition memory , 2008 .

[61]  D. Allbritton,et al.  Metaphor-based schemas and text representations: making connections through conceptual metaphors. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[62]  E. D. Burgund,et al.  Initial storage of unfamiliar objects: examining memory stores with signal detection analyses. , 2005, Acta psychologica.

[63]  Martial Van der Linden,et al.  Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links , 2006, Consciousness and Cognition.

[64]  M. Carrasco,et al.  Priming impossible figures in the object decision test: The critical importance of perceived stimulus complexity , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[65]  E. Salmon,et al.  Implicit/explicit memory dissociation in Alzheimer's disease: the consequence of inappropriate processing? , 2008, Neuropsychology.