Development of Psychophysical Methods for Estimating Human Odour Detection Thresholds

.......................................................................................................................................................... III DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................. IX LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. XIII CHAPTER I – GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Psychophysics ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Theories about Sensory Thresholds ........................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Odour Detection Thresholds ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.4 Investigation of Psychophysical Methods for Odour Threshold Measurement ....................................... 34 1.5 Review of Current Methods for Estimating Odour Thresholds ............................................................... 38 1.6 Objectives of this Thesis .......................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER II – THE EFFECT OF STOPPING RULES ON THRESHOLDS ESTIMATED WITH ASTM E679 ....... 53 2.

[1]  N. T. Gridgeman A Reexamination of the Two-Stage Triangle Test for the Perception of Sensory Differencesa , 1970 .

[2]  F. N. Jones An analysis of individual differences in olfactory thresholds. , 1957, The American journal of psychology.

[3]  P. Schieberle,et al.  Re-investigation on odour thresholds of key food aroma compounds and development of an aroma language based on odour qualities of defined aqueous odorant solutions , 2008 .

[4]  L. Vosshall,et al.  Genetic variation in a human odorant receptor alters odour perception , 2007, Nature.

[5]  P. Moberg,et al.  Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: a meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. , 1998, Archives of neurology.

[6]  C. Wysocki,et al.  Ability to smell androstenone is genetically determined. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  C. Hawkes,et al.  Olfaction in neurodegenerative disorder. , 2006, Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology.

[8]  M. Carrasco,et al.  Covert attention affects the psychometric function of contrast sensitivity , 2002, Vision Research.

[9]  M. Abraham,et al.  Odor detection by humans of lineal aliphatic aldehydes and helional as gauged by dose-response functions. , 2010, Chemical senses.

[10]  J. C. Walker,et al.  Odor psychophysics in vertebrates , 1985, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[11]  T. Eisele,et al.  Best Estimated Aroma and Taste Detection Threshold for Guaiacol in Water and Apple Juice , 2006 .

[12]  W. Cain,et al.  Irritation and odor as indicators of indoor pollution. , 1995, Occupational medicine.

[13]  W. Cain,et al.  Techniques in the Quantitative Study of Human Olfaction , 1992 .

[14]  J. Amoore,et al.  Sensory Analysis of Odor Qualities in Terms of the Stereochemical Theory , 1966 .

[15]  M. Kendal-Reed,et al.  Human odor detectability: new methodology used to determine threshold and variation. , 2003, Chemical senses.

[16]  G. Rolfe Morrison,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF FLAVOUR THRESHOLDS , 1982 .

[17]  R. Doty,et al.  A study of the test-retest reliability of ten olfactory tests. , 1995, Chemical senses.

[18]  A. Pisanelli,et al.  Specific anosmia to 1,8-cineole: the camphor primary odour , 1981 .

[19]  M. McGuire,et al.  Implications of an MTBE odor study for setting drinking water standards , 2001 .

[20]  H. S. Koelega,et al.  SOME EXPERIMENTS ON SEX DIFFERENCES IN ODOR PERCEPTION , 1974, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[21]  J. Amoore Directions for preparing aqueous solutions of primary odorants to diagnose eight types of specific anosmia , 1979 .

[22]  D. Shepherd,et al.  Decision strategies for the A Not-A, 2AFC and 2AFC-reminder tasks: Empirical tests , 2011 .

[23]  R. Buttery,et al.  Quantitative and sensory studies on tomato paste volatiles , 1990 .

[24]  Frank H. Jarke,et al.  Odor Threshold Measurement by Dynamic Olfactometry: Significant Operational Variables , 1980 .

[25]  Michael O'Mahony,et al.  UNDERSTANDING DISCRIMINATION TESTS: A USER-FRIENDLY TREATMENT OF RESPONSE BIAS, RATING AND RANKING R-INDEX TESTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO SIGNAL DETECTION , 1992 .

[26]  Michael J. Hautus,et al.  Variants of A Not-A and 2AFC tests: Signal Detection Theory models , 2009 .

[27]  D L Massart,et al.  Food odor thresholds in relation to age, nutritional, and health status. , 1995, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[28]  D. M. Green,et al.  Signal detection theory and psychophysics , 1966 .

[29]  Michael J. Hautus,et al.  Can the same-different test use a β-criterion as well as a τ-criterion? , 2007 .

[30]  A. Lutterotti,et al.  Olfactory threshold is impaired in early, active multiple sclerosis , 2011, Multiple sclerosis.

[31]  B A Schneider,et al.  Auditory sensitivity in school-age children. , 1988, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[32]  C. Wysocki,et al.  Two Rapid Odor Threshold Methods Compared to a Modified Method of Constant Stimuli , 2008 .

[33]  Michelle Gallagher,et al.  Psychometric functions for ternary odor mixtures and their unmixed components. , 2009, Chemical senses.

[34]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[35]  M. Abraham,et al.  Olfactory detectability of homologous n-alkylbenzenes as reflected by concentration-detection functions in humans , 2009, Neuroscience.

[36]  J. Rice Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis , 1988 .

[37]  Masaaki Yoshida Correlation Analysis of Detection Threshold Data for"Standard Test"Odors , 1984 .

[38]  T. Cornsweet,et al.  The staircrase-method in psychophysics. , 1962, The American journal of psychology.

[39]  G S Donaldson,et al.  Psychometric functions and temporal integration in electric hearing. , 1997, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[40]  Alessandro Soranzo,et al.  MLP: A MATLAB toolbox for rapid and reliable auditory threshold estimation , 2009, Behavior research methods.

[41]  H. Berendse,et al.  Prevalence of smell loss in Parkinson's disease--a multicenter study. , 2009, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[42]  T Lindvall,et al.  Perceived intensity of odor as a function of time of adaptation. , 1967, Scandinavian journal of psychology.

[43]  Van Gemert,et al.  Compilation of Odor Threshold Values in Air and Water , 1977 .

[44]  John E. Amoore,et al.  Olfactory Genetics and Anosmia , 1971 .

[45]  G. H. Cheesman,et al.  The Influence of Adaptation on Absolute Threshold Measurements for Olfactory Stimuli , 1953 .

[46]  David Middleton,et al.  Modern statistical approaches to reception in communication theory , 1954, Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory.

[47]  James C. Walker,et al.  Comparison of Odor Perception in Humans and Animals , 1991 .

[48]  J. Mainland,et al.  Genetic variation in the odorant receptor OR2J3 is associated with the ability to detect the "grassy" smelling odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol. , 2012, Chemical senses.

[49]  H R BLACKWELL,et al.  Contrast thresholds of the human eye. , 1946, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[50]  Moshe Givon,et al.  Measurement of Discrimination Ability in Taste Tests: An Empirical Investigation , 1987 .

[51]  W. Estes,et al.  Traps in the route to models of memory and decision , 2002, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[52]  Michelle K. Beresford,et al.  Investigation of the impact of sensitivity to cis-3-hexen-1-ol (green/grassy) on food acceptability and selection , 2012 .

[53]  P. Pelosi,et al.  SPECIFIC ANOSMIA TO ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE: THE MALTY PRIMARY ODOR , 1976 .

[54]  William S. Cain,et al.  Variability of olfactory thresholds , 1988 .

[55]  M Feinleib,et al.  Olfactory sensitivity in humans: genetic versus environmental control. , 1980, Science.

[56]  T. Acree,et al.  Effect of wine type on the detection threshold for diacetyl , 1995 .

[57]  H. Levitt Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. , 1971, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[58]  T. Hummel,et al.  'Sniffin' sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. , 1997, Chemical senses.

[59]  S. Tefera,et al.  Detection of guaiacol produced by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in apple juice by sensory and chromatographic analyses, and comparison with spore and vegetative cell populations. , 2000, Journal of food protection.

[60]  M. Abraham,et al.  Psychometric functions for the olfactory and trigeminal detectability of butyl acetate and toluene , 2002, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[61]  L O Harvey,et al.  Fast and accurate measurement of taste and smell thresholds using a maximum-likelihood adaptive staircase procedure , 2001, Perception & psychophysics.

[62]  David P. Salmon,et al.  Olfactory thresholds are associated with degree of dementia in Alzheimer's disease , 1990, Neurobiology of Aging.

[63]  M. Hautus,et al.  Cognitive Decision Strategies Adopted in Reminder Tasks by Trained Judges When Discriminating Aqueous Solutions Differing in the Concentration of Citric Acid , 2013 .

[64]  H. Strasburger,et al.  Fitting the psychometric function , 1999, Perception & psychophysics.

[65]  R. Eccles,et al.  Olfactory and trigeminal thresholds and nasal resistance to airflow. , 1989, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[66]  S. Jaeger,et al.  Determining odour detection thresholds: Incorporating a method-independent definition into the implementation of ASTM E679 , 2012 .

[67]  David H. Foster,et al.  Model-free estimation of the psychometric function , 2010 .

[68]  Michael J. Hautus,et al.  Comparison of performance in the A-Not A, 2-AFC, and same-different tests for the flavor discrimination of margarines: The effect of cognitive decision strategies , 2007 .

[69]  G. Pickering,et al.  Determination of ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds for 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine in wine. , 2007, Journal of food science.

[70]  Gregory R Ziegler,et al.  Rejection Thresholds in Chocolate Milk: Evidence for Segmentation. , 2012, Food quality and preference.

[71]  John H. Wright,et al.  Absolute thresholds in vibrotactile signal detection , 1971 .

[72]  T. Kobayakawa,et al.  Decline in taste and odor discrimination abilities with age, and relationship between gustation and olfaction. , 2000, Chemical senses.

[73]  S. Jaeger,et al.  A preliminary investigation into a genetic basis for cis-3-hexen-1-ol odour perception: A genome-wide association approach , 2010 .

[74]  E. Baldwin,et al.  Odour and flavour thresholds for key aroma components in an orange juice matrix: terpenes and aldehydes , 2004 .

[75]  H. S. Koelega Olfaction and sensory asymmetry , 1979 .

[76]  William S Cain,et al.  Chemosensory Detectability of 1-Butanol and 2-Heptanone Singly and in Binary Mixtures , 1999, Physiology & Behavior.

[77]  Michael J. Hautus,et al.  TWO MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE DISCRIMINABILITY OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES , 1995 .

[78]  John E. Amoore,et al.  SPECIFIC ANOSMIA AND THE CONCEPT OF PRIMARY ODORS , 1977 .

[79]  H. Lawless A comparison of different methods used to assess sensitivity to the taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) , 1980 .

[80]  K. D. Deibler,et al.  Methods, approaches, and caveats for functionally evaluating olfaction and chemesthesis. , 2004 .

[81]  L W Olsho,et al.  Pure-tone sensitivity of human infants. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[82]  Michael O'Mahony,et al.  SENSORY DIFFERENCE TESTS: THURSTONIAN AND SSA PREDICTIONS FOR VANILLA FLAVORED YOGURTS , 1997 .

[83]  P. Odeigah Smell acuity for acetone and its relationship to taste ability to phenylthiocarbamide in a Nigerian population. , 1994, East African medical journal.

[84]  L. Bartoshuk,et al.  Comparing sensory experiences across individuals: recent psychophysical advances illuminate genetic variation in taste perception. , 2000, Chemical senses.

[85]  Richard L. Doty,et al.  Olfactory deficit detected by fMRI in early Alzheimer's disease , 2010, Brain Research.

[86]  C. Wysocki,et al.  The vomeronasal organ: Primary role in mouse chemosensory gender recognition , 1982, Physiology & Behavior.

[87]  Patricia Stefanowicz,et al.  Sensory evaluation of food principles and practices , 2013 .

[88]  P. Dalton Psychophysical and behavioral characteristics of olfactory adaptation. , 2000, Chemical senses.

[89]  R. O'connell,et al.  Individual differences in thresholds and quality reports of human subjects to various odors , 1991 .

[90]  J. O'Regan,et al.  Estimating psychometric functions in forced-choice situations: Significant biases found in threshold and slope estimations when small samples are used , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[91]  M. O'Mahony,et al.  d′ and variance of d′ for four-alternative forced choice (4-AFC). , 2010 .

[92]  D. Paustenbach,et al.  The role of odor and irritation, as well as risk perception, in the setting of occupational exposure limits , 2006, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[93]  Yehudit Hasin,et al.  Genetic Elucidation of Human Hyperosmia to Isovaleric Acid , 2007, PLoS biology.

[94]  Jian Bi,et al.  SENSORY THRESHOLDS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS , 1998 .

[95]  S. McKee,et al.  Statistical properties of forced-choice psychometric functions: Implications of probit analysis , 1985, Perception & psychophysics.

[96]  Mark Wohlers,et al.  Changes in volatile production and sensory quality of kiwifruit during fruit maturation in Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and A. chinensis ‘Hort16A’ , 2011 .

[97]  W S Cain,et al.  Olfactory sensitivity: reliability, generality, and association with aging. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[98]  J. Amoore,et al.  Measurement of Specific Anosmia , 1968, Perceptual and motor skills.

[99]  S. Schiffman,et al.  Thresholds of food odors in the elderly. , 1976, Experimental aging research.

[100]  Lewis O. Harvey,et al.  Efficient estimation of sensory thresholds , 1986 .

[101]  G. B. Wetherill,et al.  SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION OF POINTS ON A PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION. , 1965, The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology.

[102]  M. S. Brewer,et al.  Detectable Odor Thresholds of Selected Lipid Oxidation Compounds in a Meat Model System , 1995 .

[103]  R. B. Kaye,et al.  Odour measurement — factors affecting olfactometry panel performance , 1996 .

[104]  M. Leek Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research , 2001, Perception & psychophysics.

[105]  R. J. Irwin,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF TASTE DISCRIMINATION WITH THE SAME‐DIFFERENT TASK: A DETECTION‐THEORY ANALYSIS , 1993 .

[106]  B. Treutwein Adaptive psychophysical procedures , 1995, Vision Research.

[107]  M. Abraham,et al.  Chemesthesis from volatile organic compounds: Psychophysical and neural responses , 2006, Physiology & Behavior.

[108]  Roger Ratcliff,et al.  A revised table of d’ for M-alternative forced choice , 1979 .

[109]  John A. Swets,et al.  On the Width of Critical Bands , 1962 .

[110]  M. O'Mahony,et al.  THE SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ROC CURVE: SOME APPLICATIONS IN FOOD SENSORY SCIENCE , 2008 .

[111]  R. Doty,et al.  Development of the university of pennsylvania smell identification test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function , 1984, Physiology & Behavior.

[112]  G. Sicard,et al.  The Training Level of Experts Influences their Detection Thresholds for Key Wine Compounds , 2011 .

[113]  H. Lawless A SIMPLE ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THRESHOLD DATA DETERMINED BY ASCENDING FORCED‐CHOICE METHODS OF LIMITS , 2010 .

[114]  D. G. Laing,et al.  Natural Sniffing Gives Optimum Odour Perception for Humans , 1983, Perception.

[115]  K. Stanich,et al.  COMPARISON OF NEW AND EXISTING THRESHOLD METHODS FOR EVALUATING SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN DIFFERENT BASE WINES , 2011 .

[116]  G. P. Mathur,et al.  Application of probability models to odor threshold determinations , 1983 .

[117]  T. Wickens Elementary Signal Detection Theory , 2001 .

[118]  Michelle K. Beresford,et al.  A Mendelian Trait for Olfactory Sensitivity Affects Odor Experience and Food Selection , 2013, Current Biology.

[119]  R. Doty,et al.  Dose-related effects of cigarette smoking on olfactory function. , 1990, JAMA.

[120]  J. Lötsch,et al.  A simple and reliable method for clinical assessment of odor thresholds. , 2004, Chemical senses.

[121]  EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON OLFACTORY ACUITY. , 1964, Archives of otolaryngology.

[122]  S. Nordin,et al.  Environmental odor intolerance in pregnant women , 2005, Physiology & Behavior.

[123]  Mary Florentine,et al.  A comparison of psychophysical procedures for level-discrimination thresholds. , 2003, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[124]  W. Cain,et al.  Determinants of measured olfactory sensitivity , 1986, Perception & psychophysics.

[125]  R. Pangborn,et al.  A note on responses to ethyl alcohol before and after smoking1 , 1970 .

[126]  E. Williams Experimental Designs Balanced for the Estimation of Residual Effects of Treatments , 1949 .

[127]  D. Shepherd,et al.  Decision strategies for the two-alternative forced choice reminder paradigm , 2011, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[128]  Neil A. Macmillan,et al.  Detection Theory: A User's Guide , 1991 .

[129]  T. Treat,et al.  Quantifying the information value of clinical assessments with signal detection theory. , 1999, Annual review of psychology.

[130]  C. Tyler,et al.  Bayesian adaptive estimation of psychometric slope and threshold , 1999, Vision Research.

[131]  G. Gescheider Psychophysics: The Fundamentals , 1997 .

[132]  M. Wiesmann,et al.  Test-retest reliability of the olfactory detection threshold test of the Sniffin' sticks. , 2008, Chemical senses.

[133]  J. Pokorný,et al.  Comparison of the efficiency of triangle and tetrade tests for discrimination sensory analysis of food , 1981 .

[134]  T. Acree,et al.  Variation in odor detection thresholds determined by charm analysis , 1988 .

[135]  A. Welford Fundamentals of skill / A.T. Welford , 1968 .

[136]  William S. Cain,et al.  Detection thresholds for an olfactory mixture and its three constituent compounds , 1993 .

[137]  M. Abraham,et al.  Olfactory psychometric functions for homologous 2-ketones , 2009, Behavioural Brain Research.

[138]  M. Abraham,et al.  Human olfactory detection of homologous n-alcohols measured via concentration–response functions , 2008, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[139]  R. Doty,et al.  Sex differences and reproductive hormone influences on human odor perception , 2009, Physiology & Behavior.

[140]  M. O'Mahony,et al.  DECISION STRATEGIES DETERMINED FROM THE SHAPE OF THE SAME–DIFFERENT ROC CURVE: WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF INCORRECT ASSUMPTIONS? , 2008 .

[141]  Michael J. Hautus,et al.  Investigation Of Test Performance Over Repeated Sessions Using Signal Detection Theory: Comparison Of Three Nonattribute-Specified Difference Tests 2-Afcr, A-Not A And 2-Afc , 2011 .

[142]  Felix Wichmann,et al.  The psychometric function: II. Bootstrap-based confidence intervals and sampling , 2001, Perception & psychophysics.

[143]  G. Pickering,et al.  Determination of ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds and odor impact of 2,5-dimethyl-3-methoxypyrazine in wine. , 2012, Journal of food science.

[144]  G. Rolfe Morrison,et al.  FLAVOUR THRESHOLDS FOR ADDED SUBSTANCES , 1982 .

[145]  Morten Meilgaard,et al.  Sensory Evaluation Techniques , 2020 .

[146]  F A Wichmann,et al.  Ning for Helpful Comments and Suggestions. This Paper Benefited Con- Siderably from Conscientious Peer Review, and We Thank Our Reviewers the Psychometric Function: I. Fitting, Sampling, and Goodness of Fit , 2001 .

[147]  G. Preti,et al.  Methodological Factors in Odor Detection by Humans , 2009 .

[148]  J. Amoore,et al.  Odor as an ald to chemical safety: Odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution , 1983, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[149]  George L. Turin,et al.  The theory of optimum noise immunity , 1959 .

[150]  Miguel A. García-Pérez,et al.  Improving the Estimation of Psychometric Functions in 2AFC Discrimination Tasks , 2011, Front. Psychology.

[151]  M. Devos Standardized human olfactory thresholds , 1990 .

[152]  Markus Wolfensberger,et al.  Sniffin'Sticks: a New Olfactory Test Battery , 2000, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[153]  P. Dalton,et al.  Gender-specific induction of enhanced sensitivity to odors , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[154]  J. Frijters,et al.  Tables of d′ for the triangular method and the 3-AFC signal detection procedure , 1980 .

[155]  H. Lawless,et al.  Variation in odor thresholds for l-carvone and cineole and correlations with suprathreshold intensity ratings. , 1995, Chemical senses.

[156]  Harry T. Lawless,et al.  Sensory Evaluation of Food: Principles and Practices , 1998 .

[157]  M. Meilgaard,et al.  Flavor Thresholds of Added Substances1 , 1978 .

[158]  J. Covington,et al.  Olfactory event-related potentials and aging: normative data. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[159]  A. Plotto,et al.  Specific Anosmia Observed for β-Ionone, but not for α-Ionone: Significance for Flavor Research , 2006 .

[160]  C. Murphy,et al.  Age-related effects on the threshold, psychophysical function, and pleasantness of menthol. , 1983, Journal of gerontology.

[161]  B. Berglund,et al.  Is Loss in Odor Sensitivity Inevitable to the Aging Individual? A Study of “Successfully Aged” Elderly , 2012, Chemosensory Perception.

[162]  A R Horwitz,et al.  Psychometric functions for gap detection in noise measured from young and aged subjects. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[163]  A Dravnieks,et al.  Odor thresholds by forced-choice dynamic triangle olfactometry: reproducibility and methods of calculation. , 1986, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.

[164]  Emily Buss,et al.  Psychometric functions for pure tone intensity discrimination: slope differences in school-aged children and adults. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[165]  S. Schiffman Taste and smell in disease. , 1983, The New England journal of medicine.

[166]  F. Wightman,et al.  Psychometric functions for children's detection of tones in noise. , 1994, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[167]  S. Tempère,et al.  Distribution and organoleptic impact of ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate enantiomers in wine. , 2012, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[168]  J. Covington,et al.  Neuropsychological performance and cognitive olfactory event-related brain potentials in young and elderly adults. , 1999, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[169]  H. Lawless,et al.  OLFACTORY RESPONSIVENESS TO DIACETYL , 1994 .

[170]  D A Nelson,et al.  Frequency discrimination in regions of normal and impaired sensitivity. , 1982, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[171]  A. Senthil,et al.  BEST ESTIMATED TASTE DETECTION THRESHOLD FOR CARDAMOM (ELETTARIA CARDAMOMUM MATON) AROMA IN DIFFERENT MEDIA , 2011 .

[172]  Roland Schmidt,et al.  Making scents: dynamic olfactometry for threshold measurement. , 2010, Chemical senses.

[173]  G. Lightfoot,et al.  Cortical Electric Response Audiometry Hearing Threshold Estimation: Accuracy, Speed, and the Effects of Stimulus Presentation Features , 2006, Ear and hearing.

[174]  J C Walker,et al.  The performance of the human nose in odour measurement. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[175]  Alexander M. Mood,et al.  A Method for Obtaining and Analyzing Sensitivity Data , 1948 .

[176]  M. Larsen,et al.  Odour thresholds of some important aroma compounds in raspberries , 1990 .

[177]  M. O'Mahony,et al.  BEER BITTERNESS DETECTION: TESTING THURSTONIAN AND SEQUENTIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS MODELS FOR TRIAD AND TETRAD METHODS , 1995 .

[178]  D. M. Green,et al.  A maximum-likelihood method for estimating thresholds in a yes-no task. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[179]  J. Polich,et al.  Olfactory-evoked potentials: assessment of young and elderly, and comparison to psychophysical threshold. , 1994, Chemical senses.

[180]  W. W. Peterson,et al.  The theory of signal detectability , 1954, Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory.

[181]  J. Frijters,et al.  The paradox of discriminatory nondiscriminators resolved , 1979 .

[182]  William S. Cain,et al.  Can we trust odor databases? Example of t- and n-butyl acetate , 2009 .

[183]  B. Siegmund,et al.  Odor thresholds of microbially induced off-flavor compounds in apple juice. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[184]  T E Hanna,et al.  Estimation of psychometric functions from adaptive tracking procedures , 1992, Perception & psychophysics.

[185]  G. Pettipher,et al.  Methods for the detection and enumeration of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and investigation of growth and production of taint in fruit juice and fruit juice‐containing drinks , 1997, Letters in applied microbiology.

[186]  Trygg Engen,et al.  The perception of odors , 1982 .

[187]  M. Abraham,et al.  Comparison of two stimulus-delivery systems for measurement of nasal pungency thresholds. , 2000, Chemical senses.

[188]  P. Punter Measurement of human olfactory thresholds for several groups of structurally related compounds , 1983 .

[189]  L. J. Chapman,et al.  The measurement of differential deficit. , 1978, Journal of psychiatric research.

[190]  G Kobal,et al.  Chemosensory event-related potentials change with age. , 1998, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[191]  J. Amoore,et al.  Olfactory Threshold, in Relation to Age, Sex or Smoking , 1968 .

[192]  H R BLACKWELL,et al.  Studies of the form of visual threshold data. , 1953, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[193]  A. Gilbert,et al.  Odor perception phenotypes: multiple, specific hyperosmias to musks. , 1996, Chemical senses.

[194]  H. Lawless,et al.  VISUAL HAZE DETECTION THRESHOLD ASSESSMENT BY ASCENDING METHOD OF LIMITS AND A TRANSFORMED STAIRCASE PROCEDURE IN APPLE JUICE SIMULATIONS UNDER “ STORE LIKE” CONDITIONS , 2001 .

[195]  W Jesteadt,et al.  An adaptive procedure for subjective judgments , 1980, Perception & psychophysics.

[196]  S. Klein,et al.  Measuring, estimating, and understanding the psychometric function: A commentary , 2001, Perception & psychophysics.

[197]  M. O'Mahony,et al.  The evolution of a model: A review of Thurstonian and conditional stimulus effects on difference testing , 2007 .