Implication of Cyberbullying on Under-Represented Students in Post-Secondary Education

Cyberbullyingisanemergingissueinthecontextofhighereducationasinformationandcommunication technologiesincreasinglybecomepartofdailylifeatuniversities.Thisarticleoffersareviewofthe majorliteratureregardingcyberbullying,itsvictimsandperpetrators,anditsimplicationsthatimpact disadvantaged students in higher education, specifically those who are in lower socio-economic situations.Post-secondaryeducationhasbeenanimportantpathwaytoguidestudentsoutofpoverty byhelpingthemleadsuccessfullives.However,asinhighereducation,cyberbullyingincidentshave increasedineducationalsituations,thebulliedvictimsaremorelikelytoreportfeelingsofdepression thatcauseanobstacletotheiracademicachievementsinpost-secondaryeducation.Theanonymous environmentsassociatedincyberbullyingcancauseimmoralityofthecyberbullyingperpetrators.To preventcyberbullyingoncampus,thisarticleprovidescyberbullyingrulesandpoliciesandsuggests specializedtreatmentandinterventionsforcyber-bulliesasasolution. KEywoRdS Bully Victims, Cyberbullying, Perpetrators, Policy, Post-Secondary Education, Poverty, SocioEconomically Disadvantages

[1]  Marko M. Skoric,et al.  Facebook bullying: An extension of battles in school , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[2]  Zebbedia G. Gibb,et al.  Who does that anyway? Predictors and personality correlates of cyberbullying in college , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[3]  M. Minor,et al.  Cyberbullying in Higher Education , 2013 .

[4]  Victoria Stuart-Cassel,et al.  Analysis of State Bullying Laws and Policies. , 2011 .

[5]  Jiyoon Yoon,et al.  Cyberbullying Presence, Extent, and Forms in a Midwestern Post-secondary Institution , 2012 .

[6]  M. Kyobe,et al.  The Nature of Mobile Bullying In the Western Cape High Schools of South Africa , 2015 .

[7]  Robert Slonje,et al.  The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[8]  Gulsun Ayran,et al.  Cyberbullying among college students , 2016 .

[9]  Alan K. Goodboy,et al.  The personality profile of a cyberbully: Examining the Dark Triad , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[10]  Angela Baldasare,et al.  Chapter 8 Cyberbullying? Voices of College Students , 2012 .

[11]  Peter K. Smith,et al.  Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. , 2008, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[12]  E. Stacey,et al.  Adopting Web‐Based Learning and Teaching: A case study in higher education , 2007 .

[13]  Constantinos M. Kokkinos,et al.  Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants , 2014 .

[14]  B. Sockman,et al.  An Exploratory Study of Cyberbullying with Undergraduate University Students. , 2011 .

[15]  I. Rivers,et al.  ‘I h8 u’: Findings from a five-year study of text and email bullying , 2010 .

[16]  Caroline G. Jones.  Computer Hackers on the Cul-de-Sac: MySpace Suicide Indictment Under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Sets Dangerous Precedent , 2011 .

[17]  Marilyn A. Campbell,et al.  Cyber Bullying: An Old Problem in a New Guise? , 2005, Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling.

[18]  Tina Moules,et al.  Not sticks and stones but tweets and texts: findings from a national cyberbullying project , 2013 .

[19]  Juliana Raskauskas,et al.  Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. , 2007, Developmental psychology.

[20]  Michelle L. Kelley,et al.  Predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among college students: An application of the Theory of Reasoned Action , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[21]  Thomas G. Ryan,et al.  A Comparative Analysis of Cyberbullying Perceptions of Preservice Educators: Canada and Turkey. , 2011 .

[22]  Justin W. Patchin,et al.  High-Tech Cruelty , 2011 .

[23]  Lara A. Frumkin,et al.  Cyberbullying experiences on-the-go: when social media can become distressing , 2013 .

[24]  Qing Li,et al.  New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools , 2007, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[25]  D. Schwartz,et al.  Is Peer Victimization Associated with Academic Achievement? A Meta‐analytic Review , 2010 .

[26]  Christopher P. Barlett,et al.  Predicting Cyberbullying From Anonymity. , 2014 .

[27]  Stacy Horner,et al.  The impact and response to electronic bullying and traditional bullying among adolescents , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[28]  N. Willard.  Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress , 2007 .

[29]  R. O'neil.  It's Not Easy to Stand up to Cyberbullies, but We Must. , 2008 .

[30]  R. Iannotti,et al.  School bullying among adolescents in the United States: physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. , 2009, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[31]  Thomas Schrader.  National Crime Prevention Council , 2011 .

[32]  K. Williams,et al.  Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. , 2007, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[33]  Robert S. Tokunaga,et al.  Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[34]  A. Sourander,et al.  Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: a population-based study. , 2010, Archives of general psychiatry.

[35]  Qing Li.  A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents' experience related to cyberbullying , 2008 .

[36]  J. Graber,et al.  Traditional and Cyber Aggressors and Victims: A Comparison of Psychosocial Characteristics , 2011, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[37]  Lourdes Villardón-Gallego,et al.  Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors' profile , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[38]  Yavuz Akbulut,et al.  Cyberbullying Victimization among Turkish Online Social Utility Members , 2010, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[39]  Aaron Smith,et al.  Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites , 2011 .

[40]  A. Beale,et al.  Cyberbullying: What School Administrators (and Parents) Can Do , 2007 .

[41]  D. Goh,et al.  Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: The Role of Affective and Cognitive Empathy, and Gender , 2010, Child psychiatry and human development.

[42]  Vivian H. Wright,et al.  Cyberbullying: Using Virtual Scenarios to Educate and Raise Awareness , 2009 .

[43]  Michele L. Ybarra,et al.  Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. , 2007, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[44]  Megan Price,et al.  Cyberbullying: experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. , 2010 .

[45]  Stephanie Pieschl,et al.  Relevant dimensions of cyberbullying — Results from two experimental studies , 2013 .

[46]  Heidi Vandebosch,et al.  Cyberbullying among youngsters: profiles of bullies and victims , 2009, New Media Soc..

[47]  Allison M. Schenk,et al.  Characteristics of college cyberbullies , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[48]  Elizabeth Englander,et al.  CYBERBULLYING AND INFORMATION EXPOSURE: USER-GENERATED CONTENT IN POST- SECONDARY EDUCATION , 2009 .

[49]  Brian W. Sturm,et al.  Cyberbullying: From Playground to Computer , 2007 .

[50]  Benefits and Risks of Social Media Use in Children and Adolescents , 2011 .

[51]  Paula Costa Ferreira,et al.  Cyberbullying: The hidden side of college students , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[52]  Peter B. Levy.  Confronting Cyberbullying: Experts Say That Schools Need to Stop Worrying about External Internet Predators and Take on the Threat Within: Cyberbullying , 2011 .

[53]  Maria Assunta Zanetti,et al.  Morally Disengaged and Unempathic: Do Cyberbullies Fit These Definitions? An Exploratory Study , 2012, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[54]  K. Brown,et al.  Cyber-Bullying: Developing Policy to Direct Responses that are Equitable and Effective in Addressing This Special Form of Bullying. , 2006 .

[55]  Elisheva F. Gross,et al.  Extending the school grounds?--Bullying experiences in cyberspace. , 2008, The Journal of school health.