Scanning Force Microscopy

Scanning force microscopy (SFM) belongs to a class of real-space microscopic techniques, which combine high spatial resolution, 3-D imaging capabilities, and contrast mechanisms based on specific materials contrast. In particular, in the field of polymer science and technology, SFM quickly developed into an indispensable characterization technique and has found widespread use. In this article the application of SFM to polymers is discussed based on a selection of topics covering the whole breadth from topography imaging to mapping of surface properties and studies of dynamic processes in real time. The basic concepts and modes of SFM, as well as some rudimentary theory, are introduced as a self-supporting basis for the following sections. The visualization of the morphology and ordering of polymers at various hierarchical levels is reviewed starting from the visualization of single macromolecules, chain packing, and surface crystal structures. The imaging of lamellar crystals, hedrites, and spherulites by SFM approaches is discussed, followed by studies of the effects of deformation and processing, as well as studies on the morphology of latex particles and fibers. The mapping of surface properties and composition in the heterogeneous and surface-modified polymer systems via the spatially resolved measurement of adhesion and friction forces, as well as surface mechanical properties, are covered. The final section is focused on in situ studies of structure development and dynamic processes, including polymer crystallization, followed in real time by SFM. Keywords: scanning probe microscopy (SPM); atomic force microscopy (AFM); scanning force microscopy (SFM); polymers; semicrystalline polymers; chemical mapping; compositional mapping; friction mapping; elasticity mapping; polymer crystallization; real-time studies; dynamic processes

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