Histopathology of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver malignancy, mostly occurring in the context of chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis. Epidemiological data demonstrate the increasing incidence of HCC worldwide, mainly related to viral hepatitis and metabolic syndrome. Pathological analysis recognizes several types of HCC according to macroscopic and microscopic features. A subset of HCC can develop on normal liver and usually corresponds to specific variants, including fibrolamellar carcinoma mostly encountered in young population. Prognosis of HCC remains poor, depending on delayed tumor diagnosis, the clinical status of the patient but also tumor behavior with a great propensity for angioinvasion.

[1]  E. Livstone,et al.  The histopathologic and clinical indicators of prognosis in hepatoma. , 1982, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[2]  V. Desmet,et al.  Abundant expression of cytokeratin 7 in fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver , 1990, Histopathology.

[3]  M. Colombo,et al.  Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  S. Thorgeirsson,et al.  Classification and prediction of survival in hepatocellular carcinoma by gene expression profiling , 2004, Hepatology.

[5]  Derek Y. Chiang,et al.  Genomics and signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2007, Seminars in liver disease.

[6]  H. Edmondson,et al.  Primary carcinoma of the liver. A study of 100 cases among 48,900 necropsies , 1954, Cancer.

[7]  Derek Y. Chiang,et al.  Pivotal role of mTOR signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[8]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Malignant transformation of adenomatous hyperplasia to hepatocellular carcinoma , 1990, The Lancet.

[9]  M. Roncalli,et al.  Liver cell dysplasia is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a prospective study. , 1995, Gastroenterology.

[10]  Timothy M Pawlik,et al.  Tumor size predicts vascular invasion and histologic grade: Implications for selection of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma , 2005, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[11]  P. Paliard,et al.  Adult cirrhotic liver explants: precancerous lesions and undetected small hepatocellular carcinomas. , 1996, Gastroenterology.

[12]  Laura Pelletier,et al.  MicroRNA profiling in hepatocellular tumors is associated with clinical features and oncogene/tumor suppressor gene mutations , 2008, Hepatology.

[13]  T. Roskams,et al.  Glypican-3 Expression Distinguishes Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas From Cirrhosis, Dysplastic Nodules, and Focal Nodular Hyperplasia-like Nodules , 2006, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[14]  J. Zucman‐Rossi,et al.  Hepatocellular adenoma management and phenotypic classification: The Bordeaux experience , 2009, Hepatology.

[15]  S. Thung,et al.  Macroregenerative nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma in forty‐four sequential adult liver explants with cirrhosis , 1992, Hepatology.

[16]  R. Koff.  Management of the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Carrier , 1981, Seminars in liver disease.

[17]  V. Paradis,et al.  Hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with metabolic syndrome often develop without significant liver fibrosis: A pathological analysis , 2009, Hepatology.

[18]  H. El‐Serag,et al.  Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[19]  S. Hirohashi,et al.  Expression profiling in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis: Identification of HSP70 as a molecular marker of early hepatocellular carcinoma , 2003, Hepatology.

[20]  L. Terracciano,et al.  Diagnostic value of HSP70, glypican 3, and glutamine synthetase in hepatocellular nodules in cirrhosis , 2007, Hepatology.

[21]  H. El‐Serag,et al.  Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2001, Clinics in liver disease.

[22]  M. Buendia,et al.  Somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene are frequent in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinomas. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  V. Paradis,et al.  Changing trends in malignant transformation of hepatocellular adenoma , 2010, Gut.

[24]  M. Sherman.  Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors, and screening. , 2005, Seminars in liver disease.

[25]  S. Boyault,et al.  Transcriptome classification of HCC is related to gene alterations and to new therapeutic targets , 2007, Hepatology.

[26]  T. Roskams,et al.  Early hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules. , 2005, Seminars in liver disease.

[27]  V. Paradis,et al.  Glypican-3 expression in hepatocellular tumors: diagnostic value for preneoplastic lesions and hepatocellular carcinomas. , 2006, Human pathology.

[28]  F. Bosman,et al.  WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System , 2010 .

[29]  G. Loss,et al.  Is obesity an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis? , 2002, Hepatology.

[30]  P. Bejarano.  Does Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Predispose Patients to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Absence of Cirrhosis , 2010 .

[31]  L. D. Boada,et al.  Hepatocellular adenomas associated with anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in bodybuilders: a report of two cases and a review of the literature , 2005, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[32]  P. Angulo,et al.  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2002, Revista de gastroenterologia de Mexico.

[33]  Y. N. Park,et al.  Dysplastic nodules and hepatocarcinogenesis. , 2002, Clinics in liver disease.

[34]  S. Fan,et al.  Different presentation of hepatitis B‐related hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of 1863 young and old patients — implications for screening , 2004, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[35]  M. Omata,et al.  Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver: A tumor of adolescents and young adults with distinctive clinico‐pathologic features , 1980, Cancer.

[36]  M. Choti,et al.  Liver Cell Adenoma: A Multicenter Analysis of Risk Factors for Rupture and Malignancy , 2009, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[37]  P. Bejarano.  Utility and limitations of glypican-3 expression for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma at both ends of the differentiation spectrum , 2010 .

[38]  J. Marrero,et al.  NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States , 2002, Hepatology.

[39]  I. Wanless,et al.  Terminology of nodular hepatocellular lesions , 1995 .

[40]  M. Omata,et al.  Sclerosing hepatic carcinoma: relationship to hypercalcemia. , 2008, Liver.

[41]  J. Lake,et al.  Incidence and diagnostic features of macroregenerative nodules vs. small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic livers , 1992, Hepatology.

[42]  K. Imanaka,et al.  Hepatocellular carcinoma arising from non-cirrhotic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , 2009, Journal of Gastroenterology.

[43]  M. Ronot,et al.  Telangiectatic adenoma: An entity associated with increased body mass index and inflammation , 2007, Hepatology.

[44]  L. Rosenberg.  The risk of liver neoplasia in relation to combined oral contraceptive use. , 1991, Contraception.

[45]  S. Sanderson,et al.  The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. , 2005, Gastroenterology.

[46]  J. Crespo,et al.  Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma , 2005, Obesity surgery.

[47]  Michael A. Choti,et al.  Preoperative Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumor Grade Using Needle Biopsy: Implications for Transplant Eligibility , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[48]  Michiie Sakamoto,et al.  Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: A report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia , 2009, Hepatology.

[49]  H. El‐Serag,et al.  The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2010, Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver.

[50]  H. El‐Serag.  Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in USA , 2007, Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology.

[51]  G. Farrell,et al.  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From steatosis to cirrhosis , 2006, Hepatology.

[52]  F. Kondo,et al.  Ductular reaction is helpful in defining early stromal invasion, small hepatocellular carcinomas, and dysplastic nodules , 2007, Cancer.

[53]  Neil D Theise,et al.  Hepatic precancerous lesions and small hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2007, Gastroenterology clinics of North America.

[54]  M. Choti,et al.  Predictors of Survival After Resection of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma , 2009, Annals of surgery.

[55]  C. Lai,et al.  Histologic prognostic indicators in hepatocellular carcinoma , 1979, Cancer.

[56]  M. Kojiro,et al.  Hepatocellular carcinoma with sarcomatous change: a special reference to the relationship with anticancer therapy , 2004, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology.

[57]  P. Anthony.  Primary carcinoma of the liver: A study of 282 cases in Ugandan Africans , 1973, The Journal of pathology.

[58]  I. Simson,et al.  Gross anatomic features of hepatocellular carcinoma from three disparate geographic areas. Proposal of new classification , 1984, Cancer.

[59]  V. Paradis,et al.  A single-center surgical experience of 122 patients with single and multiple hepatocellular adenomas. , 2009, Gastroenterology.

[60]  H. El‐Serag,et al.  Is fibrolamellar carcinoma different from hepatocellular carcinoma? A US population‐based study , 2004, Hepatology.

[61]  R. Lee,et al.  Large cell change (liver cell dysplasia) and hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Matched case‐control study, pathological analysis, and pathogenetic hypothesis , 1997, Hepatology.