Effects of water network dependency on the electric network for post-earthquake fire suppression

ABSTRACT This article provides insights to the community-level evaluation of post-earthquake fire suppression capability considering the performance of a water network and its dependence on the electric network. The objective is to examine the effects of three parameters on post-earthquake water availability at fire hydrants: water network design, seismic hazard, and electric network dependency scenario. Results show that topology-based and energy-based network performance metrics need to be used in conjunction with water source performance for accurate representation of network behavior. Ignoring explicit dependence of the water network on the electric network may provide inaccurate and unconservative predictions of available water pressure and flow at fire hydrants. This is particularly true for “medium” to “large” seismic events. Additionally, there may be a quantifiable level of dependence that a water network has on power before dependent analysis is necessary, perhaps as simple a metric as total head available from energy-dependent sources.

[1]  Kevin E Lansey,et al.  Sustainability, robustness, and resilience metrics for water and other infrastructure systems , 2018 .

[2]  Charles Scawthorn,et al.  Fire Following Earthquake , 1986 .

[3]  Thomas Gernay,et al.  Data-driven probabilistic post-earthquake fire ignition model for a community , 2017 .

[4]  Therese P. McAllister,et al.  Research Needs for Developing a Risk-Informed Methodology for Community Resilience , 2016 .

[5]  Réka Albert,et al.  Structural vulnerability of the North American power grid. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[6]  Pramod R. Bhave,et al.  Comparison of Methods for Predicting Deficient-Network Performance , 1996 .

[7]  Iris Tien,et al.  Probabilistic multi-scale modeling of interdependencies between critical infrastructure systems for resilience , 2018 .

[8]  Paolo Gardoni,et al.  Modeling the resilience of critical infrastructure: the role of network dependencies , 2016, Sustainable and resilient infrastructure.

[9]  Wolfgang Kröger,et al.  Reliability Analysis of Electric Power Systems Using an Object-oriented Hybrid Modeling Approach , 2012, ArXiv.

[10]  A. Ren,et al.  A Spatial–Temporal Stochastic Simulation of Fire Outbreaks Following Earthquake Based on GIS , 2006 .

[11]  Paul Jeffrey,et al.  Water distribution system vulnerability analysis using weighted and directed network models , 2012 .

[12]  George Germanopoulos,et al.  A technical note on the inclusion of pressure dependent demand and leakage terms in water supply network models , 1985 .

[13]  Paolo Gardoni,et al.  Probabilistic Assessment of Structural Damage due to Earthquakes for Buildings in Mid-America , 2009 .

[14]  Paul Jeffrey,et al.  Complex network analysis of water distribution systems , 2011, Chaos.

[15]  A. Armbruster,et al.  The maximum flow algorithm applied to the placement and distributed steady-state control of UPFCs , 2005, Proceedings of the 37th Annual North American Power Symposium, 2005..

[16]  L. S. Reddy,et al.  Analysis of water distribution networks with head-dependent outlets , 1989 .

[17]  Q. Zhong,et al.  Complex network , 2020, Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

[18]  Bruce R. Ellingwood,et al.  Serviceability of earthquake-damaged water systems: Effects of electrical power availability and power backup systems on system vulnerability , 2008, Reliability Engineering & System Safety.

[19]  Frank Schultmann,et al.  The four Rs performance indicators of water distribution networks:A review of research literature , 2017 .

[20]  Paolo Franchin,et al.  SYNER-G: Systemic Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Complex Urban, Utility, Lifeline Systems and Critical Facilities: Methodology and Applications , 2014 .

[21]  Min Ouyang,et al.  Correlation analysis of different vulnerability metrics on power grids. , 2014 .

[22]  Solomon Tesfamariam,et al.  Models for Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Power Networks: Comparative Assessment , 2014, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[23]  T. D. O'Rourke,et al.  Water Supply Performance During Earthquakes and Extreme Events , 2006 .

[24]  Jacob Chandapillai,et al.  Realistic Simulation of Water Distribution System , 1991 .

[25]  Francesco Sinico.  Water distribution system , 1995 .

[26]  Paul Jowitt,et al.  Solution for Water Distribution Systems under Pressure-Deficient Conditions , 2006 .

[27]  I. Vanzi,et al.  Seismic reliability of electric power networks : methodology and application , 1996 .

[28]  Barry J. Goodno,et al.  Seismic response of critical interdependent networks , 2007 .

[29]  Larry W. Mays,et al.  Battle of the network models: Epilogue , 1987 .

[30]  郭姿君,et al.  community resilience 韌性聚落 , 2017 .

[31]  Vladimir Kolmogorov,et al.  An Experimental Comparison of Min-Cut/Max-Flow Algorithms for Energy Minimization in Vision , 2004, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[32]  Paul Jeffrey,et al.  Applying Network Theory to Quantify the Redundancy and Structural Robustness of Water Distribution Systems , 2012 .

[33]  Howard H. M. Hwang,et al.  Evaluation of seismic performance of an electric substation using event tree/fault tree technique , 1998 .

[34]  Lisa McElvaney,et al.  Foundational infrastructure framework for city resilience , 2017 .

[35]  Bryan W. Karney,et al.  Water Distribution System Performance Metrics , 2014 .

[36]  Paolo Franchin,et al.  A Computational Framework for Systemic Seismic Risk Analysis of Civil Infrastructural Systems , 2014 .

[37]  Negar Elhami Khorasani,et al.  A streamlined approach for evaluating post-earthquake performance of an electric network , 2020, Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure.

[38]  Achla Marathe,et al.  The structure of electrical networks: a graph theory based analysis , 2009, Int. J. Crit. Infrastructures.

[39]  Maria Eugenia Moreyra Garlock,et al.  Overview of fire following earthquake: historical events and community responses , 2017 .

[40]  Masanobu Shinozuka,et al.  Seismic performance of electric transmission network under component failures , 2007 .

[41]  Rachel A. Davidson,et al.  Parametric study of urban fire spread using an urban fire simulation model with fire department suppression , 2013 .