Energy management of heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles in real-world driving scenarios: Robust design of strategies to maximize the hydrogen economy and system lifetime

Abstract Energy management is a critical issue for the advancement of fuel cell vehicles because it significantly influences their hydrogen economy and lifetime. This paper offers a comprehensive investigation of the energy management of heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles for road freight transportation. An important and unique contribution of this study is the development of an extensive and realistic representation of the vehicle operation, which includes 1750 hours of real-world driving data and variable truck loading conditions. This framework is used to analyze the potential benefits and drawbacks of heuristic, optimal, and predictive energy management strategies to maximize the hydrogen economy and system lifetime of fuel cell vehicles for road freight transportation. In particular, the statistical evaluation of the effectiveness and robustness of the simulation results proves that it is necessary to consider numerous and realistic driving scenarios to validate energy management strategies and obtain a robust design. This paper shows that the hydrogen economy can be maximized as an individual target using the available driving information, achieving a negligible deviation from the theoretical limit. Furthermore, this study establishes that heuristic and optimal strategies can significantly reduce fuel cell transients to improve the system lifetime while retaining high hydrogen economies. Finally, this investigation reveals the potential benefits of predictive energy management strategies for the multi-objective optimization of the hydrogen economy and system lifetime.

[1]  P. Pei,et al.  A quick evaluating method for automotive fuel cell lifetime , 2008 .

[2]  Ahmed Al-Durra,et al.  A comparative study of extremum seeking methods applied to online energy management strategy of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles , 2017 .

[3]  Guobin Zhang,et al.  Characteristics of PEMFC operating at high current density with low external humidification , 2017 .

[4]  Simona Onori,et al.  A Comparative Analysis of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2011 .

[5]  Jason Marcinkoski,et al.  Life-cycle implications of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle technology for medium- and heavy-duty trucks , 2018, Journal of Power Sources.

[6]  Xianguo Li,et al.  A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell durability for vehicular applications: Degradation modes and experimental techniques , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[7]  Philipp Dietrich,et al.  On the Efficiency of an Advanced Automotive Fuel Cell System , 2007 .

[8]  Xiaolin Tang,et al.  Cost-Optimal Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Fuel Cell/Battery Health-Aware Predictive Control , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[9]  Eamonn Mulholland,et al.  The long haul towards decarbonising road freight – A global assessment to 2050 , 2018 .

[10]  Abdellatif Miraoui,et al.  Control Strategies for Fuel-Cell-Based Hybrid Electric Vehicles: From Offline to Online and Experimental Results , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[11]  R. Thring,et al.  An Energy Management Strategy to concurrently optimise fuel consumption & PEM fuel cell lifetime in a hybrid vehicle , 2016 .

[12]  Nong Zhang,et al.  A robust online energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery hybrid electric vehicles , 2020 .

[13]  Yujie Wang,et al.  Adaptive energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicles using Pontryagin's Minimal Principle , 2019, Journal of Power Sources.

[14]  Simona Onori,et al.  Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2016 .

[15]  Andreas Braun,et al.  The influence of driving patterns on energy consumption in electric car driving and the role of regenerative braking , 2017 .

[16]  Fuquan Zhao,et al.  The impact of fuel cell vehicle deployment on road transport greenhouse gas emissions: The China case , 2018, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[17]  Elio Usai,et al.  Enhancing the Efficiency and Lifetime of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Nonlinear Model-Predictive Control With Nonlinear Observation , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[18]  Xiaofei Jin,et al.  Simulation research on a novel control strategy for fuel cell extended-range vehicles , 2019, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[19]  Tao Zhang,et al.  A comprehensive evaluation framework to evaluate energy management strategies of fuel cell electric vehicles , 2018, Electrochimica Acta.

[20]  Jason Marcinkoski,et al.  Designing hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks in a diverse medium and heavy duty market , 2017, Research in Transportation Economics.

[21]  Jason Marcinkoski,et al.  Clean commercial transportation: Medium and heavy duty fuel cell electric trucks , 2017 .

[22]  Liangfei Xu,et al.  Multi-objective energy management optimization and parameter sizing for proton exchange membrane hybrid fuel cell vehicles , 2016 .

[23]  Zhiguo Zhao,et al.  Optimization management of hybrid energy source of fuel cell truck based on model predictive control using traffic light information , 2019, Control Theory and Technology.

[24]  Anna G. Stefanopoulou,et al.  Control-Oriented Modeling and Analysis for Automotive Fuel Cell Systems , 2004 .

[25]  Yang Zhou,et al.  An integrated predictive energy management for light-duty range-extended plug-in fuel cell electric vehicle , 2020 .

[26]  Mahlon Wilson,et al.  Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[27]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Vehicle Propulsion Systems , 2013 .

[28]  Ch. Venkateswarlu,et al.  Stochastic and evolutionary optimization algorithms , 2020 .

[29]  Stefan Jakubek,et al.  A real-time capable quasi-2D proton exchange membrane fuel cell model , 2018 .

[30]  K. Mayrhofer,et al.  Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts , 2014, Beilstein journal of nanotechnology.

[31]  Simona Onori,et al.  Modeling and energy management control design for a fuel cell hybrid passenger bus , 2014 .

[32]  Kodjo Agbossou,et al.  Optimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system , 2016 .

[33]  K. Jiao,et al.  A quasi-2D transient model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with anode recirculation , 2018, Energy Conversion and Management.

[34]  P. Pei,et al.  Degradation mechanisms of proton exchange membrane fuel cell under typical automotive operating conditions , 2020 .

[35]  C. Pianese,et al.  Analytical calculation of electrolyte water content of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell for on-board modelling applications , 2018, Journal of Power Sources.

[36]  Lin Liu,et al.  Optimal power source sizing of fuel cell hybrid vehicles based on Pontryagin's minimum principle , 2015 .

[37]  Ulf Witkowski,et al.  Competitive Evaluation of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Real World Driving , 2017, 2017 European Modelling Symposium (EMS).

[38]  C. D. Bannister,et al.  Modelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (a comprehensive review) , 2017 .