Non-conventional olive oil industries: products and biotechnologies

This chapter discusses the nontraditional uses of olive oil industries. The Ancient Greeks and Romans were the first to use olive oil for nonedible purposes (nonconventional). Over the years, as methods and skills have improved along with knowledge, different products using all the parts of the olive tree have been developed. The potential nontraditional uses of olive oil and/or its related materials can be broadly divided into two groups: health-related uses (cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, etc.) and others (biodiesel, fertilizers, and methane, etc.). Olive oil has been used for pharmaceutical uses such as enemas, liniments, ointments, plasters and soaps. It has also been utilized in oral capsules and solutions, and as a vehicle for oily injections; in topically applied lipogels of methyl nicotinate; to soften ear wax; and in a lipid emulsion for use in caring for pre-term infants, along with soybean oil. Olives, and olive oil in particular, have been widely used in the food industry. Besides the obvious uses, they are included in spreads, butter, sauces, and more. Olive oil may be added to other food products in smaller amounts, for flavoring rather than nutritional purposes. Olive oil industries produce large amounts of waste, which can be used for recovering compounds that can be used as valuable substances by developing new processes. This is of great relevance for both the environment and the economy. The bioconversion of the olive-oil cake (OOC) and olive-mill wastewater (OMWW) into useful products has been widely researched around the world. A recent approach has investigated the use of OOC or OMWW as basic materials for the production of alternative energy sources including biogas, methane and biodiesel. Biomass gasification is a new physicochemical method, used especially for the de-oiled two-phase olive mill waste.

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