A study of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich increment using archival SCUBA data

In a search for evidence of the short wavelength increment in the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, we have analysed archival galaxy cluster data from the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, resulting in the most complete pointed survey of clusters at 850 μm to date. SCUBA's 850-μm passband overlaps the peak of the SZ increment. The sample consists of 44 galaxy clusters in the range 0 < z < 1.3. Maps of each of the clusters have been made and sources have been extracted; as an ancillary product, we generate the most thorough galaxy cluster point source list yet from SCUBA. 17 of these clusters are free of obvious active galactic nuclei (AGN) and have data deep enough to provide interesting measurements of the expected SZ signal. Specialized analysis techniques are employed to extract the SZ effect signal from these SCUBA data, including using SCUBA's short wavelength band as an atmospheric monitor and fitting the long wavelength channel to a model of the spatial distribution of each cluster's SZ effect. By explicitly excising the exact cluster centre from our analysis, we demonstrate that emission from galaxies within the cluster does not contaminate our measurement. The SZ amplitudes from our measurements are consistently higher than the amplitudes inferred from low-frequency measurements of the SZ decrement.

[1]  K. Dawson,et al.  X-Ray and Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect Measurements of the Gas Mass Fraction in Galaxy Clusters , 2006, astro-ph/0604039.

[2]  U. Nottingham,et al.  The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey - III. Dust along the Hubble sequence , 2005, astro-ph/0510768.

[3]  P. P. van der Werf,et al.  Submillimeter Observations of Distant Red Galaxies: Uncovering the 1 mJy 850 μm Population , 2005, astro-ph/0509104.

[4]  H. Hoekstra,et al.  Submillimeter Imaging of RCS J022434–0002.5: Intense Activity in a High-Redshift Cluster? , 2005, astro-ph/0508067.

[5]  I. Smail,et al.  The Intrinsic Properties of SMM J14011+0252 , 2005, astro-ph/0506176.

[6]  M. Halpern,et al.  An analysis of optical pick-up in SCUBA data , 2005, astro-ph/0502413.

[7]  A. Finoguenov,et al.  Further evidence for a merger in Abell 2218 from an XMM-Newton observation , 2005, astro-ph/0502322.

[8]  M. Halpern,et al.  An 850-μm SCUBA map of the Groth Strip and reliable source extraction , 2004, astro-ph/0412267.

[9]  Michael D. Gladders,et al.  The Red-Sequence Cluster Survey. I. The Survey and Cluster Catalogs for Patches RCS 0926+37 and RCS 1327+29 , 2004, astro-ph/0411075.

[10]  R. Saunders,et al.  Very Small Array observations of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in nearby galaxy clusters , 2004, astro-ph/0405582.

[11]  Michael E. Jones,et al.  H0 from an orientation-unbiased sample of Sunyaev–Zel'dovich and X-ray clusters , 2001, astro-ph/0103046.

[12]  IoA,et al.  Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z ~ 7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218 , 2004, astro-ph/0411117.

[13]  P. P. van der Werf,et al.  Detection of CO from SMM J16359+6612, the Multiply Imaged Submillimeter Galaxy behind A2218 , 2004, astro-ph/0409477.

[14]  A. Readhead,et al.  An Unbiased Measurement of H0 through Cosmic Background Imager Observations of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect in Nearby Galaxy Clusters , 2004, astro-ph/0408005.

[15]  K. Mitsuda,et al.  A uniform X-ray analysis of 79 distant galaxy clusters with ROSAT and ASCA , 2004, astro-ph/0407602.

[16]  E. Pointecouteau,et al.  X-ray spectroscopy on Abell 478 with XMM-Newton , 2004, astro-ph/0405307.

[17]  J. Kneib,et al.  The nature of a gravitationally lensed submillimetre arc in MS0451.6−0305: two interacting galaxies at z∼ 2.9? , 2004, astro-ph/0404473.

[18]  J. J. Bock,et al.  Measurements of Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect Scaling Relations for Clusters of Galaxies , 2004, astro-ph/0404391.

[19]  Jean-Paul Kneib,et al.  A multiply imaged, submillimetre-selected ultraluminous infrared galaxy in a galaxy group atz∼ 2.5 , 2004, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

[20]  M. Arnaud,et al.  XMM-Newton observation of the relaxed cluster A478: gas and dark matter distribution from 0.01 R_200 to 0.5 R_200 , 2004, astro-ph/0403596.

[21]  K. Arzner,et al.  Particle Acceleration in Multiple Dissipation Regions , 2004, astro-ph/0402605.

[22]  J. Kneib,et al.  A Probable z ~ 7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by the Rich Cluster A2218: Exploring the Dark Ages , 2004, astro-ph/0402319.

[23]  M. Branchesi,et al.  An X-ray review of MS 1054–0321: Hot or not? , 2004, astro-ph/0402154.

[24]  M. Markevitch,et al.  Chandra Temperature Maps for Galaxy Clusters with Radio Halos , 2004, astro-ph/0401421.

[25]  S. Borgani,et al.  Scaling laws in X-ray galaxy clusters at redshift between 0.4 and 1.3 , 2003, astro-ph/0312239.

[26]  E. Pointecouteau,et al.  Chandra Analysis and Mass Estimation of the Lensing Cluster of Galaxies Cl 0024+17 , 2003, astro-ph/0306580.

[27]  J. Kneib,et al.  An ISOCAM survey through gravitationally lensing galaxy clusters. II. The properties of infrared galaxies in the A2218 field , 2003, astro-ph/0406391.

[28]  Sandeep K. Patel,et al.  The Mass, Baryonic Fraction, and X-Ray Temperature of the Luminous, High-Redshift Cluster of Galaxies MS 0451.6–0305 , 2003, astro-ph/0308024.

[29]  M. Halpern,et al.  Measurement of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich increment in massive galaxy clusters , 2003, astro-ph/0306300.

[30]  Cea,et al.  An ISOCAM survey through gravitationally lensing galaxy clusters. I. Source lists and source counts , 2003, astro-ph/0305400.

[31]  Mit,et al.  XMM observation of the dynamically young galaxy cluster CL 0939+4713 , 2003, astro-ph/0304027.

[32]  J. J. Bock,et al.  Peculiar Velocity Limits from Measurements of the Spectrum of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect in Six Clusters of Galaxies , 2003, astro-ph/0303510.

[33]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Foreground Emission , 2003, astro-ph/0302208.

[34]  Peter A. R. Ade,et al.  SCUBA-2: a large-format submillimeter camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , 2003, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[35]  Institute for Astronomy,et al.  Chandra X-Ray Analysis of the Massive High-Redshift Galaxy Clusters Cl J1113.1–2615 and Cl J0152.7–1357 , 2003, astro-ph/0301218.

[36]  M. Pettini,et al.  Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Spectra of z ∼ 3 Lyman Break Galaxies , 2003, astro-ph/0301230.

[37]  D. Birkinshaw.  The temperature and distribution of gas in CL 0016+16 measured with XMM—Newton , 2003, astro-ph/0301123.

[38]  Michael E. Jones,et al.  A measurement of H0 from Ryle Telescope, ASCA and ROSAT observations of Abell 773 , 1999, astro-ph/9904168.

[39]  Amber D. Miller,et al.  Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Imaging of MACS Galaxy Clusters at z > 0.5 , 2003 .

[40]  C. Canizares,et al.  Chandra X-Ray Spectroscopy and Imaging of the Galaxy Cluster PKS 0745–191 , 2002, astro-ph/0210609.

[41]  A. Edge,et al.  Chandra Observations of the Galaxy Cluster A478: The Interaction of Hot Gas and Radio Plasma in the Core, and an Improved Determination of the Compton y-Parameter , 2002, astro-ph/0210054.

[42]  J. Carlstrom,et al.  Cosmology with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect , 2002, astro-ph/0208192.

[43]  M. Markevitch,et al.  Evolution of the Cluster X-Ray Scaling Relations since z > 0.4 , 2002, astro-ph/0207445.

[44]  Xiang-Ping Wu,et al.  Chandra X-Ray Observatory Observation of A1689: New Determination of Mass Distribution and Comparison to Lensing Measurements , 2002, astro-ph/0204510.

[45]  E. I. Robson,et al.  On the atmospheric limitations of ground-based submillimetre astronomy using array receivers , 2002, astro-ph/0204444.

[46]  T. Jenness,et al.  Towards the automated reduction and calibration of SCUBA data from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , 2002, astro-ph/0204428.

[47]  P. Best.  An excess of submillimetre sources towards z∼ 1 clusters , 2002 .

[48]  Garching,et al.  XMM-NEWTON observation of Abell 1835: Temperature, mass and gas mass fraction profiles , 2002, astro-ph/0202347.

[49]  J. Kneib,et al.  Faint Submillimeter Counts from Deep 850 Micron Observations of the Lensing Clusters A370, A851, and A2390 , 2002, astro-ph/0201426.

[50]  A. Romer,et al.  The ROSAT All-Sky Survey: a Catalog of Clusters of Galaxies in a Region of 1 steradian around the South Galactic Pole , 2002, astro-ph/0201069.

[51]  D. Elbaz,et al.  Hidden star-formation in the cluster of galaxies Abell 1689 , 2001, astro-ph/0112249.

[52]  D. Lemke,et al.  Far-infrared emission from intracluster dust in Abell clusters , 2001, astro-ph/0112063.

[53]  K. Grainge,et al.  Mapping of the Sunyaev—Zel'dovich effect in the cluster Cl 0016+16 with the Ryle Telescope , 2001, astro-ph/0102496.

[54]  S. Chapman,et al.  Submillimetre sources in rich cluster fields: source counts, redshift estimates and cooling flow limits , 2000, astro-ph/0009067.

[55]  J. Mohr,et al.  Determining the Cosmic Distance Scale from Interferometric Measurements of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect , 2002, astro-ph/0205350.

[56]  J.-P.Kneib,et al.  The nature of faint submillimetre-selected galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0112100.

[57]  S. Allen,et al.  Chandra observations of RX J1347.5−1145: the distribution of mass in the most X-ray-luminous galaxy cluster known , 2001, astro-ph/0111368.

[58]  H. Rottgering,et al.  μJy radio sources in the z=0.83 cluster MS1054-03 , 2001, astro-ph/0110122.

[59]  M. Machacek,et al.  Chandra Observations of Galaxy Cluster A2218 , 2001, astro-ph/0109263.

[60]  M. Donahue,et al.  Chandra X-Ray Observatory Observation of the High-Redshift Cluster MS 1054–0321 , 2001, astro-ph/0107314.

[61]  S. Allen,et al.  Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster Abell 1835 , 2001, astro-ph/0107311.

[62]  A. Edge.  The detection of molecular gas in the central galaxies of cooling flow clusters , 2001, astro-ph/0106225.

[63]  John E. Carlstrom,et al.  Interferometric Phase Correction Using 183 GHzGHz Water Vapor Monitors , 2001 .

[64]  M. Postman,et al.  A Study of Nine High-Redshift Clusters of Galaxies. IV. Photometry and Spectra of Clusters 1324+3011 and 1604+4321 , 2001, astro-ph/0105454.

[65]  Yoshitaka Ishisaki,et al.  The ASCA Medium Sensitivity Survey (The GIS Catalog Project): Source Catalog II. , 2001 .

[66]  E. Pointecouteau,et al.  Extended Sunyaev-Zeldovich Map of the Most Luminous X-Ray Cluster, RX J1347–1145 , 2000, astro-ph/0012309.

[67]  J. Mohr,et al.  Galaxy Cluster Gas Mass Fractions from Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Measurements: Constraints on ΩM , 2000, astro-ph/0012067.

[68]  K. Knudsen,et al.  A submillimetre selected quasar in the field of Abell 478 , 2000, astro-ph/0308438.

[69]  E. Komatsu,et al.  Substructures Revealed by the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect at 150 GHz in a High-Resolution Map of RX J1347$-$1145 , 2000, astro-ph/0006293.

[70]  K. Dawson,et al.  Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Imaging of Massive Clusters of Galaxies at Redshift z > 0.8 , 2000, astro-ph/0012052.

[71]  K. Ganga,et al.  A Determination of the Hubble Constant Using Measurements of X-Ray Emission and the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect at Millimeter Wavelengths in the Cluster Abell 1835 , 2000 .

[72]  S. Allen,et al.  X-ray colour maps of the cores of galaxy clusters , 2000, astro-ph/0006394.

[73]  I. Smail,et al.  The Identification of the Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J00266+1708 , 2000, astro-ph/0005239.

[74]  J. Mohr,et al.  The X-Ray Size-Temperature Relation for Intermediate-Redshift Galaxy Clusters , 2000, astro-ph/0004242.

[75]  R. Giacconi,et al.  The Northern ROSAT All-Sky (NORAS) Galaxy Cluster Survey. I. X-Ray Properties of Clusters Detected as Extended X-Ray Sources , 2000, astro-ph/0003219.

[76]  J. Carlstrom,et al.  The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect in Abell 370 , 2000, astro-ph/0003085.

[77]  S. Allen.  The properties of cooling flows in X-ray luminous clusters of galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0002506.

[78]  J. B. Oke,et al.  A Definitive Optical Detection of a Supercluster at z ≈ 0.91 , 2000, astro-ph/0001166.

[79]  J. Mohr,et al.  Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect-derived Distances to the High-Redshift Clusters MS 0451.6–0305 and Cl 0016+16 , 1999, astro-ph/9912071.

[80]  J. Kneib,et al.  The diversity of SCUBA-selected galaxies , 1999, astro-ph/9911069.

[81]  H. Böhringer,et al.  The Mass Function of an X-Ray Flux-limited Sample of Galaxy Clusters , 1999, astro-ph/0111285.

[82]  Mass Models and Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Predictions for a Flux-Limited Sample of 22 Nearby X-Ray Clusters , 1999, astro-ph/9910438.

[83]  K. Makishima,et al.  The ASCA Medium-Sensitivity Survey (The GIS Catalog Project): Source Counts and Evidence for Emerging Population of Hard Sources , 1999, astro-ph/9908128.

[84]  R. Nichol,et al.  The Bright SHARC Survey: The Cluster Catalog , 1999, astro-ph/9907401.

[85]  Etienne Pointecouteau,et al.  A Sunyaev-Zeldovich Map of the Massive Core in the Luminous X-Ray Cluster RX J1347–1145 , 1999 .

[86]  P. Rosati,et al.  An X-Ray-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.26 , 1999, astro-ph/9903381.

[87]  J. Kneib,et al.  Redshift Distribution of the Faint Submillimeter Galaxy Population , 1999, astro-ph/9903142.

[88]  Institute for Astronomy,et al.  The ROSAT Brightest Cluster Sample — III. Optical spectra of the central cluster galaxies , 1999, astro-ph/9903057.

[89]  E. Komatsu,et al.  Submillimeter Detection of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect toward the Most Luminous X-Ray Cluster at z = 0.45 , 1999, astro-ph/9902351.

[90]  W. Forman,et al.  ROSAT PSPC Observations of the Richest (R ⩾ 2) ACO Clusters , 1999, astro-ph/9902129.

[91]  I. Smail,et al.  The detection of dust in the central galaxies of distant cooling‐flow clusters , 1999, astro-ph/9902038.

[92]  A. Fabian,et al.  ROSAT PSPC observations of 36 high‐luminosity clusters of galaxies: constraints on the gas fraction , 1999, astro-ph/9901304.

[93]  Hilo,et al.  SCUBA: A Common - user submillimetre camera operating on the James Clerk Maxwell telescope , 1998, astro-ph/9809122.

[94]  M. Birkinshaw,et al.  The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect , 1998, astro-ph/9808050.

[95]  S. Chapman,et al.  Using SCUBA to place upper limits on arcsecond-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropies at 850 μm , 1998, astro-ph/9808031.

[96]  J. P. Huchra,et al.  The ROSAT Brightest Cluster Sample — I. The compilation of the sample and the cluster log N—log S distribution , 1998, astro-ph/9812394.

[97]  W. Voges,et al.  X-ray observations of distant Abell clusters , 1998 .

[98]  J. Bernard,et al.  Observations of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at high angular resolution towards the galaxy clusters A665, A2163 and CL0016+16 , 1998, astro-ph/9808270.

[99]  J. Bock,et al.  First Measurement of the Submillimeter Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect , 1998, astro-ph/9806128.

[100]  S. Nozawa,et al.  Relativistic Corrections to the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect for Clusters of Galaxies. IV. Analytic Fitting Formula for the Numerical Results , 1999, astro-ph/9912008.

[101]  S. Allen,et al.  The impact of cooling flows on the TX–LBol relation for the most luminous clusters , 1998, astro-ph/9802218.

[102]  A. Miyazaki,et al.  Measurement of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect toward Abell 2218 at 36 GHz , 1998 .

[103]  Rob Ivison,et al.  A hyperluminous galaxy at z = 2.8 found in a deep submillimetre survey , 1997, astro-ph/9712161.

[104]  O. Fèvre,et al.  The Lensing Cluster MS 0440+0204 Seen by HST, ROSAT, and ASCA. I. Cluster Properties , 1997, astro-ph/9712004.

[105]  J. Carlstrom,et al.  Radio Sources in Galaxy Clusters at 28.5 GHz , 1997, astro-ph/9711218.

[106]  R. Della Ceca,et al.  The ROSAT Deep Cluster Survey: The X-Ray Luminosity Function out to z = 0.8 , 1997, astro-ph/9710308.

[107]  I. Smail,et al.  A Deep Submillimeter Survey of Lensing Clusters: A New Window on Galaxy Formation and Evolution , 1997, astro-ph/9708135.

[108]  M. Litvak,et al.  A Direct Test of the Cosmological Model for Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts Based on Peak Alignment Averaging , 1997, astro-ph/9707128.

[109]  K. Mitsuda,et al.  ASCA Observations of the Lensing Clusters CL 0500–24, CL 2244–02, and A370: Mass Determinations and Comparisons , 1997 .

[110]  S. Myers,et al.  Measurements of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect in the Nearby Clusters A478, A2142, and A2256 , 1997, astro-ph/9703123.

[111]  P. A. R. Ade,et al.  Limits on the Peculiar Velocities of Two Distant Clusters Using the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect , 1997, astro-ph/9702223.

[112]  M. Malkan,et al.  The Wide-Angle ROSAT Pointed X-Ray Survey of Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters. I. Method and First Results , 1996, astro-ph/9608200.

[113]  John E. Carlstrom,et al.  Interferometric Imaging of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect at 30 GHz , 1996 .

[114]  J. Bregman,et al.  Far-Infrared Emission from Abell Clusters , 1995 .

[115]  J. Hughes,et al.  A Measurement of the Hubble Constant from the X-ray Properties and the Sunyaev-zel'dovich Effect of Cl 0016+16 , 1997 .

[116]  P. Ade,et al.  Measurement of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect toward Abell 2163 at a wavelength of 2.2 millimeters , 1994 .

[117]  G. Luppino,et al.  The EMSS catalog of x-ray-selected clusters of galaxies. 1. An atlas of CCD images of 41 distant clusters , 1994, astro-ph/9405069.

[118]  R. Ekers,et al.  The Parkes-MIT-NRAO (PMN) surveys. 3: Source catalog for the tropical survey (-29 deg less than delta less than -9 deg .5) , 1994 .

[119]  R. Saunders,et al.  Detection of the Sunyaev / Zeldovich Effect in ABELL:773 , 1993 .

[120]  A. Lasenby,et al.  An image of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect , 1993, Nature.

[121]  Philippe Veron,et al.  A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei: 12th edition , 1998 .

[122]  P. Ade,et al.  A search for the Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect at millimetre wavelengths , 1987 .

[123]  J. B. Oke,et al.  A systematic survey for distant galaxy clusters , 1986 .

[124]  Simon J. E. Radford,et al.  A Search for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect at lambda = 3 Millimeters , 1986 .

[125]  S. Gull,et al.  The Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect towards three clusters of galaxies , 1984, Nature.

[126]  Observations of a Decrement in the Microwave Background Radiation Toward the Distant Cluster of Galaxies 0016+16 , 1981 .

[127]  Yasuo Tanaka,et al.  Flow Patterns of Cluster Winds and X-Ray Emissions from Clusters of Galaxies , 1978 .