WHAT HAPPENS TO CELLULOSIC FIBERS DURING PAPERMAKING AND RECYCLING? A REVIEW

Both reversible and irreversible changes take place as cellulosic fibers are manufactured into paper products one or more times. This review considers both physical and chemical changes. It is proposed that by understanding these changes one can make better use of cellulosic fibers at various stages of their life cycles, achieving a broad range of paper performance characteristics. Some of the changes that occur as a result of recycling are inherent to the fibers themselves. Other changes may result from the presence of various contaminants associated with the fibers as a result of manufacturing processes and uses. The former category includes an expected loss of swelling ability and decreased wet-flexibility, especially when kraft fibers are dried. The latter category includes effects of inks, de-inking agents, stickies, and additives used during previous cycles of papermaking.

[1]  Hannu Paulapuro,et al.  Hydration and swelling of pulp fibers measured with differential scanning calorimetry , 1998 .

[2]  James S Bonham,et al.  Accelerated ageing of copy papers containing recycled fibre , 2005 .

[3]  Martin A. Hubbe,et al.  SENSING THE ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL OF CELLULOSIC FIBER SURFACES , 2006 .

[4]  N. Gurnagul.  Sodium hydroxide addition during recycling: effects on fiber swelling and sheet strength , 1995 .

[5]  R. Atalla,et al.  Some Effects of Elevated Temperatures on the Structure of Cellulose and its Transformation , 1984 .

[6]  Kecheng Li,et al.  Determination of surface lignin of wood pulp fibres by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy , 2004 .

[7]  M. Hubbe,et al.  Recovered Kraft Fibers and Wet-End Dry-Strength Polymers , 2005 .

[8]  M. H. Gil,et al.  Characterisation of the surface of a cellulosic multi-purpose office paper by inverse gas chromatography , 2001 .

[9]  T. Maloney,et al.  Intra- and inter-fibre pore closure in wet pressing , 1997 .

[10]  John A. Heitmann,et al.  Freeness improvement of recycled fibers using enzymes with refining , 1998 .

[11]  W. D. Godshall.  Repeated recycling of corrugated containers and its effect on strength properties , 1975 .

[12]  F. M. Gama,et al.  Enzymatic upgrade of old paperboard containers , 2001 .

[13]  T. Hatakeyama,et al.  Structural change of amorphous cellulose by water‐ and heat‐treatment , 1981 .

[14]  J. C. Roberts,et al.  The effect of C14-labelled cationic and native starches on dry strength and formation , 1986 .

[15]  H. Jameel,et al.  A Novel Method to Evaluate Fibre Hornification by High Resolution Thermogravimetric Analysis , 2006 .

[16]  Min Zhang,et al.  EFFECT OF CHEMICAL PRETREATMENTS OF NEVER-DRIED PULP ON THE STRENGTH OF RECYCLED LINERBOARD , 2001 .

[17]  H. Lee,et al.  The effect of recycling procedures of papermaking fibres and fines on the adsorption of cationic polyacrylamide , 2000 .

[18]  T. C. Maloney,et al.  Removal of water from the cell wall during drying , 1998 .

[19]  Leena Paavilainen,et al.  Conformability, flexibility and collapsibility of sulphate pulp fibres , 1993 .

[20]  J. Péré,et al.  Papermaking quality of fines from different pulps - the effect of size, shape and chemical composition , 2001 .

[21]  M. Nazhad.  Recycled Fiber Quality- A Review , 2005 .

[22]  H. Jameel,et al.  Changes in pore size distribution during the drying of cellulose fibers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry , 2006 .

[23]  C. Daneault,et al.  Influence of pulping conditions on the properties of recycled fibers , 2006 .

[24]  R. L. Ellis,et al.  Recycled vs. virgin fiber characteristics : a comparison , 1993 .

[25]  원종명,et al.  효소처리에 의한 재생섬유의 제지적성 개선 ( Improvement of Papermaking Properties of Recycled Fiber with Enzyme ) , 2001 .

[26]  Jerrold Alberts Walecka.  An investigation of low degree of substitution carboxymethylcelluloses. , 1956 .

[27]  L. Bergström,et al.  Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Characterisation and Estimation of the Hamaker Constant of Cellulose , 1999 .

[28]  Ben Pruden,et al.  The effect of fines on paper properties , 2005 .

[29]  R. E. McComb,et al.  Value of alkaline papers for recycling , 1981 .

[30]  O. Samuelson,et al.  Penetration of water-soluble polymers into cellulose fibers , 1964 .

[31]  E. Gruber,et al.  Chemical modification of pulp to reduce its hornification tendency , 1998 .

[32]  T. Lindström,et al.  Studies on topochemical modification of cellulosic fibres , 2000 .

[33]  G. Carlsson,et al.  Hornification of cellulosic fibers during wet pressing , 1984 .

[34]  Mahendra R. Doshi,et al.  The contribution of different types of fines to the properties of handsheets made from recycled paper , 1986 .

[35]  Atsushi Watanabe,et al.  A Report on Investigation on Recyclability of the Troublesome Paper Materials in Paper Recycling Process , 2005 .

[36]  Sven Forsberg,et al.  Engineering of fibre surface properties by application of the polyelectrolyte multilayer concept. Part I: Modification of paper strength , 2002 .

[37]  J. F. Bobalek,et al.  The effects of recycling on the physical properties of handsheets with respect to specific wood species , 1989 .

[38]  L. Wågberg,et al.  Tailoring of fibre/fibre joints in order to avoid the negative impacts of drying on paper properties , 2006 .

[39]  M. Hubbe,et al.  Fiber surface saturation as a strategy to optimize dual-polymer dry strength treatment , 2003 .

[40]  Lars Wådgberg,et al.  Polymer adsorption on cellulosic fibers , 1989 .

[41]  M. H. Gil,et al.  Hornification—its origin and interpretation in wood pulps , 2004, Wood Science and Technology.

[42]  John A. Heitmann,et al.  Review of factors affecting the release of water from cellulosic fibers during paper manufacture , 2007, BioResources.

[43]  Martin A. Hubbe,et al.  Control of tacky deposits on paper machines – A review , 2006 .

[44]  Ø. Gregersen,et al.  Qualitative methods for the study of lignin distribution in wood and surface layers of unbleached pulp fibres and paper , 1995 .

[45]  Ruth E. Cameron,et al.  A Review of the Relationship Between Thermally-Accelerated Ageing of Paper and Hornification , 1999 .

[46]  R. Young,et al.  Properties and treatments of pulps from recycled paper. Part I. Physical and chemical properties of pulps , 1999 .

[47]  Mousa M. Nazhad,et al.  Fundamentals of strength loss in recycled paper , 1994 .

[48]  Wei Shen,et al.  Contact angle measurement and surface energetics of sized and unsized paper , 2000 .

[49]  Martin A. Hubbe,et al.  BONDING BETWEEN CELLULOSIC FIBERS IN THE ABSENCE AND PRESENCE OF DRY-STRENGTH AGENTS - A REVIEW , 2006 .

[50]  Tsuen-hsuin Tsien,et al.  Raw Materials for Old Papermaking in China , 1973 .

[51]  Zhi-Hua Jiang,et al.  Hexenuronic acid groups in pulping and bleaching chemistry , 2000 .

[52]  A. Mckenzie,et al.  The structure and properties of paper. XIV. Effects of drying on cellulose fibres and the problem of maintaining pulp strength , 1963 .

[53]  L. Odberg,et al.  Effects of drying and pressing on the pore structure in the cellulose fibre wall studied by 1H and 2H NMR relaxation , 1998 .

[54]  D. Gardner,et al.  Contact angle and IGC measurements for probing surface-chemical changes in the recycling of wood pulp fibers , 2001 .

[55]  S. Ramaswamy,et al.  A study of changes in wet-fiber flexibility and surface condition of recycled fibers , 1999 .

[56]  R. C. Howard.  The effects of recycling on paper quality , 1990 .

[57]  Martin A. Hubbe,et al.  INCINERATE, RECYCLE, OR WASH AND REUSE? , 2007 .

[58]  T. Maloney,et al.  Internal Fibrillation in Never-dried and Once-dried Chemical Pulps , 2002 .

[59]  W. Bichard,et al.  The basic effect of recycling on pulp properties , 1992 .

[60]  L. Wågberg,et al.  The porous structure of pulp fibres with different yields and its influence on paper strength , 2003 .

[61]  H. Paulapuro,et al.  Recycle Potential of Externally Fibrillated Chemical Pulp , 2006 .

[62]  L. Fan,et al.  Mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Effects of major structural features of cellulose on enzymatic hydrolysis , 1980 .

[63]  T. Okayama.  The Effects of Recycling on Pulp and Paper Properties , 2002 .

[64]  M. Hubbe,et al.  Changes to Unbleached Kraft Fibers Due to Drying and Recycling , 2003 .

[65]  M. Milichovsky,et al.  A new concept of chemistry refining processes , 1990 .

[66]  I. Parker,et al.  Adsorption of cationic starch on eucalypt pulp fibres and fines , 1998 .

[67]  John A. Heitmann,et al.  Effects of Sugar Addition Before Drying on the Wet-Flexibility of Redispersed Kraft Fibers , 2004 .

[68]  Dewei Qi,et al.  Effects of Fines Concentration on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Paper , 2000 .

[69]  M. Hubbe.  Dry-strength development by polyelectrolyte complex deposition onto non-bonding glass fibres , 2005 .

[70]  B. Gupta,et al.  Surface Wetting Characteristics of Cellulosic Fibers , 2000 .

[71]  William E. Scott,et al.  Properties of paper : an introduction , 1997 .

[72]  Daniel F. Caulfield,et al.  Ester crosslinking to improve wet performance of paper using multifunctional carboxylic acids, butanetetracarboxylic and citric acid , 1994 .

[73]  Mayank Garg,et al.  Recycling potential of bagasse and wheat straw pulps , 2004 .

[74]  J. L. Klofta,et al.  Effects of deinking on the recycle potential of papermaking fibres , 1994 .

[75]  P. Iyer,et al.  Induced crystallization of cellulose in never‐dried cotton fibers , 1991 .

[76]  R. Aravamuthan,et al.  The Effects of Multiple Recycles on Wheat Straw Fibers , 1998 .

[77]  Zonghuan Lu,et al.  Layer-by-layer nanocoating of mill broken fibers for improved paper , 2006 .

[78]  A. Isogai,et al.  Changes in Crystallinity and Re-swelling Capability of Pulp Fibers by Recycling Treatment , 2002 .

[79]  U. Tschirner,et al.  RECYCLING OF CHEMICAL PULP FROM WHEAT STRAW AND CORN STOVER , 2007 .

[80]  R. Kibblewhite,et al.  Effects of multiple drying treatments on kraft fibre walls , 1997 .

[81]  H. Paulapuro,et al.  Quantification of water in different states of interaction with wood pulp fibres , 1996 .

[82]  L. Salmén,et al.  Effects of mechanical and chemical treatments on the pore-size distribution in wood pulps examined by inverse size-exclusion chromatography , 1997 .

[83]  Min Zhang,et al.  Can recycled kraft fibres benefit from chemical addition before they are first dried , 2002 .

[84]  J. L. Minor,et al.  RESTORING BONDING STRENGTH TO RECYCLED FIBERS , 1993 .

[85]  Min Zhang,et al.  Refining to Overcome Effects of Drying Unbleached Kraft Fibers in the Presence or Absence of Sugar , 2004 .

[86]  M. Jahan.  Changes of paper properties of nonwood pulp on recycling , 2003 .

[87]  S. Ramaswamy,et al.  Impact of pulp chemical composition on recycling , 1998 .

[88]  Junzo Nakano,et al.  DSC study on recrystallization of amorphous cellulose with water , 1974 .

[89]  A. M. Scallan,et al.  The correlation of the water retention value with the fibre saturation point , 1972 .

[90]  Surendra P. Singh,et al.  Reasons of Strength Loss in Recycled Pulp , 2006 .

[91]  M. Hubbe,et al.  Effects of Charge Ratios and Cationic Polymer Nature on Polyelectrolyte Complex Deposition onto Cellulose , 2005 .

[92]  J. Buchert,et al.  The Role of Hemicelluloses in the Hornification of Bleached Kraft Pulps , 1997 .

[93]  R. C. Howard.  The effects of recycling on pulp quality , 1995 .

[94]  Heikki Pakarinen,et al.  Recycled fiber and deinking , 2000 .

[95]  Hasan Jameel,et al.  Hard to remove water in cellulose fibers characterized by high resolution thermogravimetric analysis - methods development , 2006 .

[96]  J. Bouchard,et al.  The Effects of Recycling on the Chemical Properties of Pulps , 1994 .

[97]  Malin Eriksson,et al.  Surface modification of wood fibers using the polyelectrolyte multilayer technique : Effects on fiber joint and paper strength properties , 2006 .

[98]  Arthur Brown,et al.  Discussion on , 1908 .

[99]  T. Enomae,et al.  Effect of Fiber Hornification in Recycling on Bonding Potential at Interfiber Crossings , 2002 .

[100]  U. Weise.  Hornification : mechanisms and terminology , 1998 .

[101]  Mousa M Nazhad.  The Influence of Refining Energy and Intensity on Enhancing the Bonding Potential of an OCC Pulp , 2004 .

[102]  D. F. Caulfield,et al.  Mechanisms affecting fiber bonding during drying and aging of pulps , 1982 .

[103]  W. Gallay,et al.  The effect of drying and heating on the swelling of cellulose fibers and paper strength , 1950 .

[104]  J. E. Stone,et al.  A structural model for the cell wall of water-swollen wood pulp fibres based on their accessibility to macromolecules , 1968 .

[105]  K. Ruel,et al.  Ultrastructural organisation of the wood cell wall can explain modifications caused in fibers during the pulping process , 2006 .

[106]  Charles Q. Yang,et al.  IR spectroscopy study of cyclic anhydride as intermediate for ester crosslinking of cotton cellulose by polycarboxylic acids. V. Comparison of 1,2,4‐butanetricarboxylic acid and 1,2,3‐propanetricarboxylic acid , 2001 .

[107]  Erik S. Welf,et al.  The Effects of Heating Without Water Removal and Drying on the Swelling as Measured by Water Retention Value and Degradation as Measured by Intrinsic Viscosity of Cellulose Papermaking Fibers , 2005 .

[108]  P. N. Jacob,et al.  Contact angle titrations of pulp fiber furnishes , 1993 .

[109]  T. M. Herrington,et al.  An investigation into the nature of charge on the surface of papermaking woodpulps 2. Analysis of potentiometric titration data , 1992 .

[110]  J. Márton,et al.  Wet end starch: adsorption of starch on cellulosic fibers. , 1976 .

[111]  Akira Isogai,et al.  Paper chemistry , 2009 .

[112]  John A. Lloyd,et al.  The determination of fibre charge and acidic groups of radiata pine pulps , 1993 .

[113]  T. W. Joyce,et al.  Novel techniques for enhancing the strength of secondary fiber , 1991 .

[114]  D. Gardner,et al.  SWELLING OF RECYCLED WOOD PULP FIBERS: EFFECT ON HYDROXYL AVAILABILITY AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY , 2007 .

[115]  A. M. Scallan,et al.  The influence of drying and beating on the swelling of fines , 1996 .

[116]  D. A. Guest,et al.  Improving the quality of recycled fibre , 1983 .

[117]  A. Emsley,et al.  On the kinetics of degradation of cellulose , 1997 .

[118]  J. Phipps.  The effects of recycling on the strength properties of paper , 1994 .

[119]  N. Hartler.  Aspects on curled and microcompressed fibers , 1995 .

[120]  A. Shrinath,et al.  A review of ink-removal techniques in current deinking technology , 1991 .

[121]  Per M Claesson,et al.  Polyelectrolytes as adhesion modifiers. , 2003, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[122]  R. Manley,et al.  Recrystallization of amorphous cellulose , 1965 .