Electrodiagnostic studies of the facial nerve in peripheral facial palsy and hemifacial spasm

Electrodiagnostic (EDX) assessment is one of the most important aspects in the evaluation of the two most common disorders of the facial nerve: facial palsy and hemifacial spasm. Facial palsy is usually an acute disorder that resolves in a few weeks but, in a number of cases, leads to a postparalytic facial syndrome featuring muscle synkinesis, myokymia, and involuntary mass contractions of muscles on the affected side. Hemifacial spasm is usually a chronic disorder characterized by paroxysms of involuntary, clonic, and synchronous twitching of all facial muscles on the affected side. EDX studies provide information on lesion location and severity, pathophysiology underlying the two disorders, and differential diagnosis between syndromes presenting with abnormal facial muscle activity. This monograph is intended to describe the most relevant EDX findings in the two disorders and the most appropriate timing for the examinations in order to provide useful information for prognosis and therapeutic decision‐making. Muscle Nerve, 2007

[1]  Jordi Montero,et al.  Movement disorders in patients with peripheral facial palsy , 2003, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[2]  E. Vitte,et al.  Hypoglossal‐facial anastomosis induced central plastic changes in the blink reflex circuitry , 2002, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[3]  M. Zwarts,et al.  Contralateral reinnervation of midline muscles in facial paralysis , 2001, Muscle & nerve.

[4]  J. Valls-Solé,et al.  Enhanced gain of blink reflex responses to ipsilateral supraorbital nerve afferent inputs in patients with facial nerve palsy , 2001, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[5]  F. Valldeoriola,et al.  Reflex excitability of facial motoneurons at onset of muscle reinnervation after facial nerve palsy , 1999, Muscle & nerve.

[6]  J. Noth,et al.  Botulinum toxin treatment of synkinesia and hyperlacrimation after facial palsy , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[7]  S. Hasan,et al.  Maladaptive neural compensatory mechanisms in Bell's palsy-induced blepharospasm , 1997, Neurology.

[8]  J. Serra,et al.  Axon reflexes or ephaptic responses simulating blink reflex R1 after XII‐VII nerve anastomosis , 1996, Muscle & nerve.

[9]  J. D. Porter,et al.  Bell's palsy–associated blepharospasm relieved by aiding eyelid closure , 1996, Annals of neurology.

[10]  L. Bour,et al.  Blink reflex recovery curves in blepharospasm, torticollis spasmodica, and hemifacial spasm , 1996, Muscle & nerve.

[11]  F. Glocker,et al.  Magnetic transcranial and electrical stylomastoidal stimulation of the facial motor pathways in Bell's palsy: time course and relevance of electrophysiological parameters. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  J. Willer,et al.  Redirection of the hypoglossal nerve to facial muscles alters central connectivity in human brainstem , 1992, Brain Research.

[13]  J. Valls-Solé,et al.  Myokymic discharges and enhanced facial nerve reflex responses after recovery from idiopathic facial palsy , 1992, Muscle & nerve.

[14]  A. Møller.  The cranial nerve vascular compression syndrome: II. A review of pathophysiology , 1991, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[15]  U. Schmid,et al.  Investigation of facial motor pathways by electrical and magnetic stimulation: sites and mechanisms of excitation. , 1989, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[16]  J. Valls-Solé,et al.  Blink reflex excitability cycle in hemifacial spasm , 1989, Neurology.

[17]  S. Liston,et al.  Zenker's diverticulum flap , 1989, The Laryngoscope.

[18]  S. Liston,et al.  Histopathology of bell's palsy , 1989, The Laryngoscope.

[19]  Michael J. Aminoff,et al.  Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injection , 1988, Neurology.

[20]  E. Bergstralh,et al.  Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell's palsy, Rochester, Minnesota, 1968–1982 , 1986, Annals of neurology.

[21]  V. Nielsen.  Electrophysiology of the facial nerve in hemifacial spasm: Ectopic/ephaptic excitation , 1985, Muscle & nerve.

[22]  P. Martinelli,et al.  Facial nucleus involvement in postparalytic hemifacial spasm? , 1983, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[23]  J. Maroon,et al.  Hemifacial spasm. A vascular cause. , 1978, Archives of neurology.

[24]  H. Kuypers,et al.  Late blink reflex changes in lateral medullary lesions. An electrophysiological and neuro-anatomical study of Wallenberg's Syndrome. , 1978, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[25]  J. Maroon,et al.  Etiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm. Operative techniques and results in 47 patients. , 1977, Journal of neurosurgery.

[26]  K. Kodera,et al.  Simultaneous recordings of the brain stem response and the frequency-following response to low-frequency tone. , 1977, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[27]  J. Kimura,et al.  Electrophysiological study of Bell palsy: electrically elicited blink reflex in assessment of prognosis. , 1976, Archives of otolaryngology.

[28]  P. Jannetta,et al.  Hemifacial spasm: ultrastructural changes in the facial nerve induced by neurovascular compression. , 1975, Surgical neurology.

[29]  R. Rodnitzky,et al.  Electrophysiologic analysis of aberrant regeneration after facial nerve paralysis , 1975, Neurology.

[30]  Hiroshi Tomita,et al.  Varicella-Zoster Virus , 1972 .

[31]  K. Tschiassny.  LX Eight Syndromes of Facial Paralysis and Their Significance in Locating the Lesion , 1953, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[32]  C. M. Klein.  Chapter 50 – Diseases of the Seventh Cranial Nerve , 2005 .

[33]  L. Bour,et al.  Neurophysiological aspects of eye and eyelid movements during blinking in humans. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[34]  A. Straube,et al.  Time course of distant effects of local injections of botulinum toxin , 1993, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[35]  C. Hess,et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve: where is the actual excitation site? , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[36]  L. Montserrat,et al.  Facial synkinesis and aberrant regeneration of facial nerve. , 1988, Advances in neurology.

[37]  H. Tomita,et al.  Varicella-Zoster virus in idiopathic facial palsy. , 1972, Archives of otolaryngology.

[38]  P. Jannetta,et al.  Electromyographic and electron microscopic correlates in hemifacial spasm treated by microsurgical relief of neurovascular compression. , 1970, Surgical forum.