Temporal Gis and Spatio-temporal Modeling

This paper investigates the development of temporal GIS and its applicability to support spatio-temporal modeling. Many GIS data models have been proposed to incorporate temporal information into spatial databases. Their general frameworks, with littl e considerations on data needs for spatio-temporal modeling, use a set of geometry-based spatial objects to represent reality. Thematic characteristics are represented as attributes of spatial objects. Temporal information is either associated with times tamped individual layers, such as the Snapshot Model (Armstrong, 1988), or individual spatial objects, such as the Space-Time Composite Model (Langran and Chrisman, 1988). The snapshot approach usually results in significant data redundancy. The space-tim e composite approach requires reconstruction of thematic and temporal attribute tables whenever operations involve any changes in spatial objects (shape, size, or configuration). Consequently, geographic entities tend to be decomposed into fragments of s patial objects. For example, a wildfire event can be represented by a set of polygons with descriptions of burn severity and burn time. Problems appear, however, in representing phenomena like front lines, re-ignition, and spotting. The lack of direct map pings from GIS data to model input hampers GIS capabilities of spatio-temporal analysis, such as calculating periodicity, rate of movement, and process. Further attempts have been made to provide such direct mappings by event-based (Peuquet and Duan, 1995) or object-oriented data models (Worboys, 1992, Raper and Livingstone, 1995). This paper aims to (1) examine these typical temporal GIS data models, (2) discuss their applicability to facilitate spatio-temporal analytical modeling, (3) provide examples o f spatio-temporal analytical models and phenomena difficult to be handled in these proposed temporal GIS data models, and (4) synthesize important data concepts in spatio-temporal analytical models to be included in temporal GIS.

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