Computational Strategies for Skin Detection

In this paper we compare different computational strategies for skin detection. They differ in the type of data used in the training phase, the type of pre-processing done on the query image, and the level of visual information used. In particular, we define a high-level computational strategy, which uses a face detector in the pre-processing step. Two different implementations of it are proposed: one relies on an adaptive single gaussian model, the other a fixed threshold skin cluster detector on an illuminant-independent image representation. The experimental results on a heterogeneous dataset containing images acquired under uncontrolled lighting conditions show that the high-level strategies outperform low-level ones.

[1]  Francis Quek,et al.  Comparison of five color models in skin pixel classification , 1999, Proceedings International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems. In Conjunction with ICCV'99 (Cat. No.PR00378).

[2]  Stan Sclaroff,et al.  Skin color-based video segmentation under time-varying illumination , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[3]  F. Wilcoxon Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods , 1945 .

[4]  Vladimir Vezhnevets,et al.  A Survey on Pixel-Based Skin Color Detection Techniques , 2003 .

[5]  Raimondo Schettini,et al.  Recall or precision-oriented strategies for binary classification of skin pixels , 2008, J. Electronic Imaging.

[6]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Face Detection in Color Images , 2002, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[7]  Paul A. Viola,et al.  Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001.

[8]  Jason Brand,et al.  A comparative assessment of three approaches to pixel-level human skin-detection , 2000, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000.

[9]  King Ngi Ngan,et al.  Face segmentation using skin-color map in videophone applications , 1999, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol..

[10]  A. Bouzerdoum,et al.  A Bayesian approach to skin color classification in YCbCr color space , 2000, 2000 TENCON Proceedings. Intelligent Systems and Technologies for the New Millennium (Cat. No.00CH37119).

[11]  M. Pawlewski,et al.  Face detection in colour images , 2001, Proceedings 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.01CH37205).

[12]  Ioannis Pitas,et al.  Facial feature extraction in frontal views using biometric analogies , 1998, 9th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 1998).

[13]  Kwang-Ting Cheng,et al.  Adaptive learning of an accurate skin-color model , 2004, Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings..

[14]  P. Peer,et al.  2D versus 3D colour space face detection , 2003, Proceedings EC-VIP-MC 2003. 4th EURASIP Conference focused on Video/Image Processing and Multimedia Communications (IEEE Cat. No.03EX667).

[15]  Dante Augusto Couto Barone,et al.  Performance evaluation of single and multiple-Gaussian models for skin color modeling , 2002, Proceedings. XV Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing.

[16]  Andrew P. Witkin,et al.  Scale-space filtering: A new approach to multi-scale description , 1984, ICASSP.

[17]  Joost van de Weijer,et al.  Computational Color Constancy: Survey and Experiments , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[18]  John S. D. Mason,et al.  Enhancing face detection in colour images using a skin probability map , 2001, Proceedings of 2001 International Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia, Video and Speech Processing. ISIMP 2001 (IEEE Cat. No.01EX489).

[19]  Joost van de Weijer,et al.  Author Manuscript, Published in "ieee Transactions on Image Processing Edge-based Color Constancy , 2022 .

[20]  James M. Rehg,et al.  Statistical Color Models with Application to Skin Detection , 2004, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[21]  Paul A. Viola,et al.  Robust Real-Time Face Detection , 2001, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[22]  Narendra Ahuja,et al.  Gaussian mixture model for human skin color and its applications in image and video databases , 1998, Electronic Imaging.

[23]  Chiunhsiun Lin,et al.  A statistic approach to the detection of human faces in color nature scene , 2002, Pattern Recognit..

[24]  Shigeru Akamatsu,et al.  Comparative performance of different skin chrominance models and chrominance spaces for the automatic detection of human faces in color images , 2000, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580).

[25]  Georgios Tziritas,et al.  Face Detection Using Quantized Skin Color Regions Merging and Wavelet Packet Analysis , 1999, IEEE Trans. Multim..

[26]  Raimondo Schettini,et al.  Color constancy using faces , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.