Multiple Stable Points in Natural Communities

Evidence is presented which indicates the importance of historical events in determining the structure of a variety of natural communities. In the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina, the order of larval recruitment determined which species monopolized the available space during initial community development. In other systems, community structure could be explained only by referring to the specific historical events which determined the presence or absence of important consumers. Since history was relevant to the observed community structure, multiple stable points are an undeniable reality in space and time in these systems.

[1]  Hal Caswell,et al.  1 – An Introduction to Systems Science for Ecologists , 1972 .

[2]  J. E. Randall,et al.  Grazing Effect on Sea Grasses by Herbivorous Reef Fishes in the West Indies , 1965 .

[3]  Lewontin Rc,et al.  The Meaning of Stability , 2020, The Early Mubarak Years 1982–1988.

[4]  W. G. Sprules.  Effects of Size‐Selective Predation and Food Competition on High Altitude Zooplankton Communities , 1972 .

[5]  S. Dodson,et al.  Predation, Body Size, and Composition of Plankton. , 1965, Science.

[6]  R. Karlson,et al.  Succession and Seasonal Progression in the Fouling Community at Beaufort, North Carolina, , 1973 .

[7]  F. Maturo.  Seasonal Distribution and Settling Rates of Estuarine Bryozoa , 1959 .

[8]  P. Dayton.  Competition, Disturbance, and Community Organization: The Provision and Subsequent Utilization of Space in a Rocky Intertidal Community , 1971 .

[9]  T. Paine.  Experimental Studies on the Relationship between a Dominant Competitor and Its Principal Predator , 1974 .

[10]  C. S. Holling.  Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems , 1973 .

[11]  J. Wiens,et al.  The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management , 1969 .

[12]  D. J. Hall,et al.  AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE PRODUCTION DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF FRESHWATER ANIMAL COMMUNITIES1 , 1970 .

[13]  R. Margalef,et al.  Diversity and stability: a practical proposal and a model of interdependence. , 1969, Brookhaven symposia in biology.

[14]  F. James Rohlf,et al.  Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research , 1969 .

[15]  J C Ogden,et al.  Grazing by the Echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: Formation of Halos around West Indian Patch Reefs , 1973, Science.

[16]  R. Paine.  Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity , 1966, The American Naturalist.

[17]  R. Macarthur,et al.  Competition among Fugitive Species in a Harlequin Environment , 1972 .

[18]  S. Dodson.  COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING NICHES SUSTAINED BY SIZE‐SELECTIVE PREDATION1 , 1970 .

[19]  B. Maguire.  Phytotelmata: Biota and Community Structure Determination in Plant-Held Waters , 1971 .

[20]  W. Leak,et al.  Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology , 1974 .

[21]  Gerald L. Young,et al.  The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management , 1970 .

[22]  Merle G. Galbraith.  Size-selective Predation on Daphnia by Rainbow Trout and Yellow Perch , 1967 .

[23]  R. Paine.  A Short‐Term Experimental Investigation of Resource Partitioning in a New Zealand Rocky Intertidal Habitat , 1971 .

[24]  R. Lewontin,et al.  The meaning of stability. , 2020, Brookhaven symposia in biology.

[25]  J. Sutherland.  DYNAMICS OF HIGH AND LOW POPULATIONS OF THE LIMPET , 1970 .

[26]  J. Harper.  The role of predation in vegetational diversity. , 1969, Brookhaven symposia in biology.

[27]  K. D. McDougall.  Sessile Marine Invertebrates of Beaufort, North Carolina: A Study of Settlement, Growth, and Seasonal Fluctuations among Pile-Dwelling Organisms , 1943 .

[28]  R. Paine,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF GRAZING BY SEA URCHINS, STRONGYLOCENTROTUS SPP., ON BENTHIC ALGAL POPULATIONS1 , 1969 .

[29]  Simon A. Levin,et al.  Niche, Habitat, and Ecotope , 1973, The American Naturalist.

[30]  W. Stephenson,et al.  Experimental Studies on the Ecology of Intertidal Environments at Heron Island. I. Exclusion of Fish from Beach Rock. , 1960 .

[31]  L. J. Brooks.  The Effects of Prey Size Selection by Lake Planktivores , 1968 .

[32]  R. Levins,et al.  Regional Coexistence of Species and Competition between Rare Species. , 1971, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.