Development of a dietary model for the study of mild zinc deficiency in humans and evaluation of some biochemical and functional indices of zinc status.

After a 1-wk baseline period, a dietary regimen was developed to induce mild zinc deficiency in 15 males (aged 25.3 +/- 3.3 y, mean +/- SD). The regimen consisted of 1 wk on a liquid diet containing 0.6 mg Zn/d and molar ratios of phytate to zinc (phy:Zn) and of phytate X calcium to zinc [(phy X Ca): Zn] of 209 and 4116, respectively, followed by 6 wk on a diet based on soy protein and egg albumin containing 4 mg Zn/d and with phy:Zn and (Ca X phy):Zn of 70 and 2000, respectively. Subjects were then repleted with 30 mg Zn/d for 2 wk. Fasting blood and urine samples were taken weekly. Changes were observed in mean plasma (mumol/L) and urinary zinc (mumol/d): baseline 97.0 +/- 10.9 and 8.0 +/- 2.7, depletion 80.1 +/- 13.4 and 4.3 +/- 2.3, and repletion 100.8 +/- 13.6 and 8.2 +/- 3.1, respectively (P less than 0.05); taste acuity (0.05 less than P less than 0.10); and cellular immune responses (P less than 0.05). Activities of plasma angiotensin-1-converting enzyme and acidic alpha-D-mannosidase were unchanged. Mild zinc deficiency was induced by the dietary regimen.

[1]  R. Gibson,et al.  The Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Vanadium, and Iodine Content of Hair from 38 Canadian Neonates , 1979, Pediatric Research.

[2]  R. Gibson,et al.  A growth-limiting, mild zinc-deficiency syndrome in some southern Ontario boys with low height percentiles. , 1989, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[3]  O. Maller,et al.  Taste correlates of disease states: cystic fibrosis. , 1975, The Journal of pediatrics.

[4]  R. Buzina,et al.  Zinc nutrition and taste acuity in school children with impaired growth. , 1980, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  E. Underwood.  Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition , 1956, Agronomy Journal.

[6]  J. C. Smith,et al.  Analysis and evaluation of zinc and copper in human plasma and serum. , 1985, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[7]  L. Klevay,et al.  Ethanol metabolism in postmenopausal women fed a diet marginal in zinc. , 1987, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[8]  K. Weismann,et al.  Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum zinc levels in the diagnosis and exclusion of zinc deficiency in man. , 1985, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[9]  M. Swendseid,et al.  Growth rate, tissue zinc levels and activities of selected enzymes in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet by gastric tube. , 1983, Journal of NutriLife.

[10]  Robin Ed,et al.  Zinc metabolism in hepatic dysfunction. I. Serum zinc concentrations in Laënnec's cirrhosis and their validation by sequential analysis. , 1956 .

[11]  J. King,et al.  Experimental zinc depletion and altered taste perception for NaCl in young adult males. , 1981, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[12]  P. Fraker,et al.  Interrelationships between zinc and immune function. , 1986, Federation proceedings.

[13]  R. Pilz,et al.  Regulation of human lymphoblast plasma membrane 5'-nucleotidase by zinc. , 1982, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[14]  K. Hambidge,et al.  Zinc supplementation in infants with a nutritional pattern of failure to thrive: a double-blind, controlled study. , 1989, Pediatrics.

[15]  P. G. Reeves,et al.  An experimental study of the effect of zinc on the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme in serum. , 1985, Clinical chemistry.

[16]  R. Gibson,et al.  Food consumption patterns of Canadian preschool children in relation to zinc and growth status. , 1987, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[17]  G. Bises,et al.  5′-Nucleotidase activity in lymphocytes of zinc and protein deficient rats , 1987 .

[18]  King Jc.  Assessment of techniques for determining human zinc requirements. , 1986 .

[19]  A. T. Ylor.  Usefulness of measurements of trace elements In hair , 1986 .

[20]  L. Thompson,et al.  [Phytate][calcium]/[zinc] ratios in Asian immigrant lacto-ovo vegetarian diets and their relationship to zinc nutriture , 1986 .

[21]  B. J. Winer.  Statistical Principles in Experimental Design , 1992 .

[22]  E. Kasarskis,et al.  Serum alkaline phosphatase after treatment of zinc deficiency in humans. , 1980, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[23]  J. C. Smith,et al.  Dietary zinc intake of low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent. , 1979, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[24]  A. Prasad.  Clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency. , 1985, Annual review of nutrition.

[25]  P. Aggett.  Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease , 1989 .

[26]  J. King,et al.  Tissue zinc levels and zinc excretion during experimental zinc depletion in young men. , 1984, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[27]  J. Halsted,et al.  Zinc deficiency in man. The Shiraz experiment. , 1972, The American journal of medicine.

[28]  A. Prasad,et al.  Human zinc deficiency, endocrine manifestations and response to treatment. , 1967, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[29]  R. Igić,et al.  Angiotensin I converting enzyme (kininase II) in ocular tissues. , 1980, Experimental eye research.

[30]  R. Bradfield,et al.  PROBLEMS WITH HAIR ZINC AS AN INDICATOR OF BODY ZINC STATUS , 1980, The Lancet.

[31]  G. A. Levvy,et al.  α–d– Mannosidase , 1973 .

[32]  N. Krebs,et al.  Linear growth of low income preschool children receiving a zinc supplement. , 1983, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[33]  R. Silber,et al.  Function of 5'-nucleotidase in the uptake of adenosine from AMP by human lymphocytes. , 1975, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[34]  J. Friel,et al.  A Comparison of the Zinc, Copper and Manganese Status of Very Low Birth Weight Pre‐Term and Full‐Term Infants during the First Twelve Months , 1984, Acta paediatrica Scandinavica.

[35]  C. L. White,et al.  The effect of zinc in vivo and in vitro on the activities of angiotensin converting enzyme and kininase-I in the plasma of rats. , 1986, Biochemical pharmacology.

[36]  G. Everett,et al.  Comparison of four enzymes in zinc-deficient rats as possible indicators of marginal zinc status. , 2009, Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica.

[37]  W. C. Purdy,et al.  Direct measurement of zinc in plasma by atomic absorption spectroscopy. , 1979, Clinical chemistry.

[38]  K M Hambidge,et al.  Hair analyses: worthless for vitamins, limited for minerals. , 1982, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[39]  D. Milne,et al.  Zinc content of cellular components of blood: methods for cell separation and analysis evaluated. , 1985, Clinical chemistry.

[40]  J. Baum,et al.  Low Levels of Zinc in Hair, Anorexia, Poor Growth, and Hypogeusia in Children , 1972, Pediatric Research.

[41]  J. Apgar,et al.  Measures of zinc status in ewes civen a low zinc diet throughout pregnancy , 1987 .

[42]  X. C. Chen,et al.  Low levels of zinc in hair and blood, pica, anorexia, and poor growth in Chinese preschool children. , 1985, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[43]  A. Prasad,et al.  Syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, hypogonadism, dwarfism and geophagia. , 1961, The American journal of medicine.

[44]  S. Bingham,et al.  The use of creatinine output as a check on the completeness of 24-hour urine collections. , 1985, Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition.

[45]  B. L. O’dell,et al.  Effect of acute zinc deprivation on plasma zinc and platelet aggregation in adult males. , 1982, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[46]  J. King,et al.  Nitrogen utilization, enzyme activity, glucose intolerance and leukocyte chemotaxis in human experimental zinc depletion. , 1985, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[47]  M. Lavenhar,et al.  Zinc and immunocompetence in the elderly: baseline data on zinc nutriture and immunity in unsupplemented subjects. , 1987, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[48]  M. Andersch,et al.  Use of p-nitrophenylphosphate as the substrate in determination of serum acid phosphatase. , 1947, American journal of clinical pathology.

[49]  H. Lukaski,et al.  Changes in plasma zinc content after exercise in men fed a low-zinc diet. , 1984, The American journal of physiology.

[50]  J. Freeland-Graves,et al.  Alterations in zinc absorption and salivary sediment zinc after a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. , 1980, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[51]  Ananda S. Prasad,et al.  Experimental zinc deficiency in humans. , 1978, Nutrition reviews.

[52]  C. W. Hutton,et al.  Assessment of the zinc nutritional status of selected elderly subjects. , 1983, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.