Rehabilitation Efforts and Stress in Parents of Children With Cochlear Implants

This mixed methods study investigated the impact on Australian families of the decision-making process and the ongoing (re)habilitation demands of their children's cochlear implantation. Quantitative results from a survey of 247 parents found that parents experienced stress related to the decision-making and rehabilitation processes at significantly higher levels than they had expected pre-implant. Multiple regression analysis identified factors that were predictive of parents' experiences of rehabilitation efforts and stress. Qualitative data from interviews with 27 of the survey respondents elaborated on the quantitative findings and provided insights into the impact on families' lives, identifying the greatest problem areas and potential stressors for parents. Implications and recommendations for professionals working with families are drawn from the findings.

[1]  T. Most,et al.  The Needs of Parents of Children with Cochlear Implants. , 2001 .

[2]  Jennifer J. Vogel,et al.  Exploring Correlates and Predictors of Stress in Parents of Children Who are Deaf: Implications of Perceived Social Support and Mode of Communication , 2008 .

[3]  M. Greenberg,et al.  A short-form of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress. , 1983, American journal of mental deficiency.

[4]  A. Geers,et al.  Background and Educational Characteristics of Prelingually Deaf Children Implanted by Five Years of Age , 2003, Ear and hearing.

[5]  C. Yoshinaga-Itano,et al.  Predictors of parental stress in mothers of young children with hearing loss. , 2002, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education.

[6]  M. Svirsky,et al.  An Exploratory Look at Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: Is Earliest Always Best? , 2008, Ear and hearing.

[7]  A. Zaidman-Zait,et al.  Everyday problems and stress faced by parents of children with cochlear implants. , 2008 .

[8]  Irene W. Leigh,et al.  Cochlear Implants in Children: Ethics and Choices , 2002 .

[9]  D. Jackson,et al.  Chronic parenting stress: moderating versus mediating effects of social support. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[10]  P. Spencer,et al.  Individual differences in language performance after cochlear implantation at one to three years of age: child, family, and linguistic factors. , 2004, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education.

[11]  M. Patton Qualitative research and evaluation methods , 1980 .

[12]  Richard S. Lazarus,et al.  Stress and Emotion: A New Synthesis , 1999 .

[13]  Juned Siddique,et al.  Health Disparities in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: An Audiologic Perspective , 2009, Ear and hearing.

[14]  Shelomo Breznitz,et al.  Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects , 1993 .

[15]  Jean Desjardin Family Empowerment: Supporting Language Development in Young Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. , 2006 .

[16]  T. Nikolopoulos,et al.  Predicting speech perception outcomes following cochlear implantation using Nottingham children's implant profile (NChIP). , 2004, International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.

[17]  A. Turnbull,et al.  Impact of Deafness on Family Life , 2004 .

[18]  C. Spahn,et al.  Parental Distress: The Initial Phase of Hearing Aid and Cochlear Implant Fitting , 2005, American annals of the deaf.

[19]  D. Power,et al.  Multisensory and unisensory approaches to communicating with deaf children , 1997 .

[20]  R. Hodapp,et al.  Sound Beginnings: Supporting Families of Young Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants , 2006 .

[21]  M. P. Moeller,et al.  Early intervention and language development in children who are deaf and hard of hearing. , 2000, Pediatrics.

[22]  E. Kurtzer-White,et al.  Identifying hearing loss: parents' needs. , 1999, American journal of audiology.

[23]  J. Perold An investigation into the expectations of mothers of children with cochlear implants , 2001, Cochlear implants international.

[24]  Jennifer L Perold Audiologist An investigation into the expectations of mothers of children with cochlear implants , 2006 .

[25]  Lisa Davidson,et al.  Factors Associated with Development of Speech Perception Skills in Children Implanted by Age Five , 2003, Ear and hearing.

[26]  D. Whynes,et al.  Estimating time and out-of-pocket costs incurred by families attending a pediatric cochlear implant programme. , 2005, International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.

[27]  M. Lutman,et al.  Outcomes from Cochlear Implantation for Child and Family: Parental Perspectives. , 2008 .

[28]  R. Briggs,et al.  Communication Development in Children Who Receive the Cochlear Implant Younger than 12 Months: Risks versus Benefits , 2007, Ear and hearing.

[29]  A. Weisel,et al.  Mothers' stress and expectations as a function of time since child's cochlear implantation. , 2006, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education.

[30]  M. Hyde,et al.  Factors predicting functional outcomes of cochlear implants in children , 2011, Cochlear implants international.

[31]  K. Rajput,et al.  Use of a revised children's implant profile (GOSHChIP) in candidacy for paediatric cochlear implantation and in predicting outcome , 2009, International journal of audiology.

[32]  L. Eisenberg,et al.  Maternal Contributions: Supporting Language Development in Young Children with Cochlear Implants , 2007, Ear and hearing.

[33]  Ann P. Turnbull,et al.  Parents' Experiences With Childhood Deafness , 2008 .

[34]  M. Lutman,et al.  Parents and their deaf child: their perceptions three years after cochlear implantation , 2002 .

[35]  A. Strauss,et al.  The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research aldine de gruyter , 1968 .

[36]  S. Waltzman,et al.  Cochlear Implantation in Children Younger Than 12 Months , 2005, Pediatrics.

[37]  John W. Creswell,et al.  Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research , 2006 .

[38]  Colin Sharp Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.) , 2003 .

[39]  R. R. Abidin,et al.  Parenting Stress Index , 2011 .

[40]  B. Richter,et al.  Quality of life and psychological distress in parents of children with a cochlear implant. , 2004, Cochlear implants international.

[41]  R. Punch,et al.  A Comparison of the Anticipated Benefits and Received Outcomes of Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: Parental Perspectives , 2010, American annals of the deaf.

[42]  M. Hyde,et al.  Coming to a decision about cochlear implantation: parents making choices for their deaf children. , 2010, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education.

[43]  J. Olds,et al.  Facilitators and Barriers to the Integration of Orally Educated Children and Youth with Hearing Loss into Their Families and Communities. , 2007 .

[44]  G. O'Donoghue,et al.  Ensuring the Long-Term Use of Cochlear Implants in Children: The Importance of Engaging Local Resources and Expertise , 2007, Ear and hearing.

[45]  A. Lederberg,et al.  Parenting stress and social support in hearing mothers of deaf and hearing children: a longitudinal study. , 2002, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education.

[46]  M. Hintermair,et al.  Parental resources, parental stress, and socioemotional development of deaf and hard of hearing children. , 2006, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education.

[47]  Grant Mccracken The long interview , 1988 .

[48]  D. Whynes,et al.  Paediatric cochlear implantation: the views of parents , 2005, International journal of audiology.

[49]  B. Richter,et al.  The need for psychosocial support in parents with cochlear implanted children. , 2001, International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.

[50]  C. Birman Cochlear implant surgical issues in the very young child , 2009, Cochlear implants international.

[51]  B. Richter,et al.  A comparison between parents of children with cochlear implants and parents of children with hearing aids regarding parental distress and treatment expectations. , 2003, International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.

[52]  R. Seewald,et al.  The Young Deaf Child , 1999 .

[53]  Jean Desjardin Maternal Perceptions of Self-Efficacy and Involvement in the Auditory Development of Young Children with Prelingual Deafness , 2005 .

[54]  John W. Creswell,et al.  Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches , 2010 .

[55]  Anat Zaidman-Zait,et al.  Parenting a child with a cochlear implant: a critical incident study. , 2007, Journal of deaf studies and deaf education.

[56]  T. Most,et al.  Cochlear Implants in Children with Hearing Loss: Maternal Expectations and Impact on the Family. , 2005 .