Testing for causality: a personal viewpoint

A general definition of causality is introduced and then specialized to become operational. By considering simple examples a number of advantages, and also difficulties, with the definition are discussed. Tests based on the definitions are then considered and the use of post-sample data emphasized, rather than relying on the same data to fit a model and use it to test causality. It is suggested that a bayesian viewpoint should be taken in interpreting the results of these tests. Finally, the results of a study relating advertising and consumption are briefly presented.

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