The Future of Technology in Positive Psychology: Methodological Advances in the Science of Well-Being

Advances in biotechnology and information technology are poised to transform well-being research. This article reviews the technologies that we predict will have the most impact on both measurement and intervention in the field of positive psychology over the next decade. These technologies include: psychopharmacology, non-invasive brain stimulation, virtual reality environments, and big-data methods for large-scale multivariate analysis. Some particularly relevant potential costs and benefits to individual and collective well-being are considered for each technology as well as ethical considerations. As these technologies may substantially enhance the capacity of psychologists to intervene on and measure well-being, now is the time to discuss the potential promise and pitfalls of these technologies.

[1]  K. Brodmann Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde : in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues , 1985 .

[2]  J. McGonigal Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World , 2011 .

[3]  R. Davidson,et al.  The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style , 1999, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[4]  Jeanmarie Perrone,et al.  Addressing the Opioid Epidemic. , 2015, JAMA.

[5]  N. Tarrier,et al.  Virtual reality in mental health , 2007, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[6]  Richard E. Lucas,et al.  Subjective Well-Being: The Science of Happiness and Life Satisfaction , 2009 .

[7]  Gregory J. Park,et al.  Women are Warmer but No Less Assertive than Men: Gender and Language on Facebook , 2016, PloS one.

[8]  Yuval Harari,et al.  Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow , 2015 .

[9]  Morten L Kringelbach,et al.  The Affective Core of Emotion: Linking Pleasure, Subjective Well-Being, and Optimal Metastability in the Brain , 2017, Emotion review : journal of the International Society for Research on Emotion.

[10]  R. Bassett The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach , 2011 .

[11]  M. Kovács Cognitive therapy in depression. , 1980, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis.

[12]  A. Lozano,et al.  Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression , 2005, Neuron.

[13]  Anjan Chatterjee,et al.  Rethinking the thinking cap , 2011, Neurology.

[14]  M. Seligman,et al.  Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. , 2005, The American psychologist.

[15]  Andrew B. Newberg,et al.  The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience , 2017 .

[16]  Andrea Gaggioli,et al.  Integrating Technology in Positive Psychology Practice , 2016 .

[17]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology—perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS , 2007, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology.

[18]  U. Schnyder,et al.  A randomized, controlled pilot study of MDMA (±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant, chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) , 2013, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[19]  Michael D. Buhrmester,et al.  Amazon's Mechanical Turk , 2011, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[20]  Q. Gu,et al.  Trends in psychotropic medication use among U.S. adults , 2007, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.

[21]  Andrea Gaggioli,et al.  The Potential of Virtual Reality for the Investigation of Awe , 2016, Front. Psychol..

[22]  D. Resnik,et al.  Responsible Conduct of Research , 2022 .

[23]  M. Seligman,et al.  School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. , 2007, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[24]  J. B. King Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress , 2020, Theology and Science.

[25]  Martin H. Levinson Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention , 1997 .

[26]  Rafael A. Calvo,et al.  Positive computing: technology for a wiser world , 2012, INTR.

[27]  Andrew T Chan,et al.  Trends in Prescription Drug Use Among Adults in the United States From 1999-2012. , 2015, JAMA.

[28]  Alik S. Widge,et al.  Brain-computer interface-based control of closed-loop brain stimulation: attitudes and ethical considerations , 2016 .

[29]  Melanie Swan,et al.  The Quantified Self: Fundamental Disruption in Big Data Science and Biological Discovery , 2013, Big Data.

[30]  K. Berridge,et al.  Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness , 2009, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[31]  J. Hobson Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress , 2019, Occupational Medicine.

[32]  Chris Arney Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness , 2015 .

[33]  R. Baños,et al.  Online Positive Interventions to Promote Well-being and Resilience in the Adolescent Population: A Narrative Review , 2017, Front. Psychiatry.

[34]  H. Sackeim Modern Electroconvulsive Therapy: Vastly Improved yet Greatly Underused. , 2017, JAMA psychiatry.

[35]  P. Ekman,et al.  Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings , 1972 .

[36]  M. E. Smith,et al.  Are prescription stimulants "smart pills"? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals. , 2011, Psychological bulletin.

[37]  Andrea Gaggioli,et al.  Effectiveness of Immersive Videos in Inducing Awe: An Experimental Study , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[38]  Michael D Matthews,et al.  Comprehensive soldier fitness: building resilience in a challenging institutional context. , 2011, The American psychologist.

[39]  A. Adler Well-Being and Academic Achievement: Towards a New Evidence-Based Educational Paradigm , 2017 .

[40]  J. C. Smith Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation: three caveats. , 2004, Psychosomatic medicine.

[41]  B. Sahakian,et al.  Lifestyle use of drugs by healthy people for enhancing cognition, creativity, motivation and pleasure , 2017, British journal of pharmacology.

[42]  Danielle S. Bassett,et al.  Mind control as a guide for the mind , 2016, Nature Human Behaviour.

[43]  B T Thomas Yeo,et al.  Disruption of cortical association networks in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. , 2014, JAMA psychiatry.

[44]  G. Riva,et al.  Virtual Reality for Research in Social Neuroscience , 2017, Brain sciences.

[45]  J M Satterfield Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning: Review of a special issue of the American Psychologist (2000;55:5-183), Martin E P Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, guest editors. , 2001, The Western journal of medicine.

[46]  Sharath Chandra Guntuku,et al.  Detecting depression and mental illness on social media: an integrative review , 2017, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences.

[47]  A. Maslow Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences , 1965 .

[48]  Kyle S. Smith,et al.  Hedonic Hotspots: Generating Sensory Pleasure in the Brain , 2007 .

[49]  Gregory J. Park,et al.  Gaining insights from social media language: Methodologies and challenges. , 2016, Psychological methods.

[50]  John Danaher,et al.  The Quantified Relationship , 2018, The American journal of bioethics : AJOB.

[51]  Gregory J. Park,et al.  Automatic personality assessment through social media language. , 2015, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[52]  M. Kosinski,et al.  Deep Neural Networks Are More Accurate Than Humans at Detecting Sexual Orientation From Facial Images , 2018, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[53]  M. Slater,et al.  Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders , 2017, Psychological Medicine.

[54]  R. Larsen,et al.  The Satisfaction with Life Scale , 1985, Journal of personality assessment.

[55]  Tayyab Rashid,et al.  Positive interventions in clinical practice. , 2009, Journal of clinical psychology.

[56]  Sarah Feldt Muldoon,et al.  Stimulation-Based Control of Dynamic Brain Networks , 2016, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[57]  P. Watson,et al.  Dimensions of the Mysticism Scale: Confirming the Three‐Factor Structure in the United States and Iran , 2001 .

[58]  Scott M. Brue,et al.  Age and sex patterns of drug prescribing in a defined American population. , 2013, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[59]  Philip I. Chow,et al.  A Systematic Review of Personality Trait Change Through Intervention , 2017, Psychological bulletin.

[60]  T. Pieters,et al.  Psychotropic Drug Use: Between Healing and Enhancing the Mind , 2009 .

[61]  D. Watson,et al.  Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[62]  C. Moreau,et al.  STN-DBS frequency effects on freezing of gait in advanced Parkinson disease , 2008, Neurology.

[63]  F. Vollenweider,et al.  Psychological and Physiological Effects of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) after Pretreatment with the 5-HT2 Antagonist Ketanserin in Healthy Humans , 2000, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[64]  G. Smith ANARCHY, STATE, AND UTOPIA , 1976 .

[65]  H. Sangani,et al.  DO ANDROIDS DREAM OF ELECTRIC SHEEP? , 2020, Faculty Brat.

[66]  Gregory J. Park,et al.  Psychological Language on Twitter Predicts County-Level Heart Disease Mortality , 2015, Psychological science.

[67]  Michael Meehan,et al.  Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments , 2002, SIGGRAPH.

[68]  J. Copeland,et al.  Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use. , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[69]  G. Agam,et al.  Individual differences and evidence-based psychopharmacology , 2012, BMC Medicine.

[70]  Anna Wexler A pragmatic analysis of the regulation of consumer transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) devices in the United States , 2015, Journal of law and the biosciences.

[71]  Giuseppe Riva,et al.  Virtual Reality in Psychotherapy: Review , 2005, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[72]  D. Keltner,et al.  Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion , 2003, Cognition & emotion.

[73]  Judy Illes,et al.  Neurocognitive enhancement: what can we do and what should we do? , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[74]  Dan V Iosifescu,et al.  Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. , 2013, The American journal of psychiatry.

[75]  Rosa María Baños,et al.  Positive Technology: Using Interactive Technologies to Promote Positive Functioning , 2012, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[76]  B. Bhushan Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology , 2017 .

[77]  BIOMARKER STUDIES AND THE FUTURE OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION , 2014, Depression and anxiety.

[78]  Michael Madary,et al.  Real Virtuality: A Code of Ethical Conduct. Recommendations for Good Scientific Practice and the Consumers of VR-Technology , 2016, Front. Robot. AI.

[79]  M. Hallett Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain , 2000, Nature.

[80]  Martin E. P. Seligman,et al.  The Language of Religious Affiliation , 2018 .

[81]  R. Michael Furr,et al.  Scale Construction and Psychometrics for Social and Personality Psychology , 2011 .

[82]  William W. McDonald,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Acute Treatment of Major Depression: A Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial , 2007, Biological Psychiatry.

[83]  Mariano Alcañiz Raya,et al.  Affective Interactions Using Virtual Reality: The Link between Presence and Emotions , 2007, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[84]  R. Griffiths,et al.  Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance , 2006, Psychopharmacology.

[85]  Peter Norvig,et al.  Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach , 1995 .

[86]  Cristina Botella,et al.  A positive psychological intervention using virtual reality for patients with advanced cancer in a hospital setting: a pilot study to assess feasibility , 2012, Supportive Care in Cancer.

[87]  J. Mink,et al.  Deep brain stimulation. , 2006, Annual review of neuroscience.

[88]  D. Yaden,et al.  Neuroscience Fiction as Eidolá: Social Reflection and Neuroethical Obligations in Depictions of Neuroscience in Film , 2016, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics.

[89]  T. Graepel,et al.  Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[90]  Jennifer S. Haas,et al.  Trends in Prescription Drug Use Among Adults in the United States From 1999–2012 , 2016 .

[91]  Margaret L. Kern,et al.  Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach , 2013, PloS one.

[92]  Margaret L. Kern,et al.  Of Roots and Fruits: A Comparison of Psychedelic and Nonpsychedelic Mystical Experiences , 2017 .

[93]  M. Kosinski,et al.  Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[94]  A. Lavazza Happiness, Psychology, and Degrees of Realism , 2016, Front. Psychol..

[95]  D. Yaden,et al.  Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Personal Identity: Ethical Considerations , 2017, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[96]  Margaret L. Kern,et al.  Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review , 2016, JMIR mental health.

[97]  E. Diener,et al.  Subjective well-being. , 1984, Psychological bulletin.

[98]  Takeo Watanabe,et al.  Advances in fMRI Real-Time Neurofeedback , 2017, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[99]  B. Schmidt,et al.  Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial , 2016, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[100]  Heleen Riper,et al.  Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies , 2013, BMC Public Health.

[101]  Andrea Gaggioli,et al.  Positive Technology, Computing, and Design: Shaping a Future in Which Technology Promotes Psychological Well-Being , 2017 .

[102]  L. Piwek,et al.  The Rise of Consumer Health Wearables: Promises and Barriers , 2016, PLoS medicine.

[103]  C B Randall,et al.  The good life. , 1987, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[104]  B. Fredrickson,et al.  Updated thinking on positivity ratios. , 2013, The American psychologist.

[105]  Steven Pinker,et al.  The better angels of our nature : a history of violence and humanity , 2012 .

[106]  W. Penfield,et al.  SOMATIC MOTOR AND SENSORY REPRESENTATION IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF MAN AS STUDIED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION , 1937 .