A Comprehensive Look at Distance Education in the K–12 Context

Abstract This review provides a comprehensive examination of the literature surrounding the current state of K-12 distance education. The growth in K–12 distance education follows in the footsteps of expanded learning opportunities at all levels of public education and training in corporate environments. Implementation has been accomplished with a limited research base, often drawing from studies in adult distance education and policies adapted from traditional learning environments. This review of literature provides an overview of the field of distance education with a focus on the research conducted in K–12 distance education environments.

[1]  L. Darling-Hammond.  Teacher Quality and Student Achievement , 2000 .

[2]  Web-based Instruction in a Rural High School: A Collaborative Inquiry into Its Effectiveness and Desirability , 2001 .

[3]  M. Roblyer.  Is Choice Important in Distance Learning? A Study of Student Motives for Taking Internet-Based Courses at the High School and Community College Levels , 1999 .

[4]  Philip C. Abrami,et al.  A methodological morass? How we can improve quantitative research in distance education , 2004 .

[5]  Janine M. Zweig.  Vulnerable Youth: Identifying their Need for Alternative Educational Settings , 2003 .

[6]  Steven C. Mills,et al.  Implementing Online Secondary Education: An Evaluation of a Virtual High School , 2003 .

[7]  David H. Jonassen,et al.  Handbook of Research for educational Communications and Technology , 1997 .

[8]  Linda L. Wolcott.  A Learner-Centered Approach to Distance Education , 1996 .

[9]  Charalambos Vrasidas,et al.  Complexities in the evaluation of distance education and virtual schooling , 2003 .

[10]  Sarah Carr.  As Distance Education Comes of Age, the Challenge Is Keeping the Students. , 2000 .

[11]  Janette R. Hill,et al.  EXPLORING RESEARCH ON INTERNET-BASED LEARNING: FROM INFRASTRUCTURE TO INTERACTIONS , 2003 .

[12]  Michael Simonson,et al.  Distance Education: Definition and Glossary of Terms , 2006 .

[13]  Paul Kawachi.  Vicarious Interaction and the Achieved Quality of Learning , 2003 .

[14]  M. D. Roblyer,et al.  Predicting Success of Virtual High School Students , 2002 .

[15]  Maria LaPadula,et al.  A Comprehensive Look at Online Student Support Services for Distance Learners , 2003 .

[16]  Kimberly F. Applequist,et al.  No Child Left Behind Act (2001) , 2008 .

[17]  A. Parker.  A Study of Variables that Predict Dropout from Distance Education. , 1999 .

[18]  Don Passey.  Developing Teaching Strategies For Distance (Out‐Of‐School) Learning In Primary And Secondary Schools , 2000 .

[19]  Gail Flanagan,et al.  Teaching and Learning at a Distance - Foundations of Distance Education: Simonson, M., Smaldino, S., Albright, M., and Zvacek, S. (2000). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 241 pages, ISBN: 0-13769258-7 , 2000, Internet and Higher Education.

[20]  Stevan Kalmon,et al.  Keeping Pace With K-12 Online Learning: A Snapshot of State-Level Policy and Practice. , 2004 .

[21]  Daniel C. A. Hillman,et al.  Learner-Interface Interaction in Distance Education: An Extension of Contemporary Models and Strategies for Practitioners , 1994 .

[22]  M. D. Roblyer,et al.  Design and Use of a Rubric to Assess and Encourage Interactive Qualities in Distance Courses , 2003 .

[23]  A. Duffin.  National Association of State Boards of Education , 1986 .

[24]  W. Duncombe,et al.  The No Child Left Behind Act , 2008, Poverty and Proficiency.

[25]  David R. Krathwohl,et al.  Methods of Educational and Social Science Research: An Integrated Approach , 1992 .

[26]  M. Moore.  Editorial: Three types of interaction , 1989 .

[27]  Ronald A. Phipps,et al.  What''s the Difference? A Review of Contemporary Research on the Effectiveness of Distance Learning , 1999 .

[28]  Mary Herring.  Development of Constructivist-Based Distance Learning Environments: A Knowledge Base for K-12 Teachers , 2004 .

[29]  James R. Layton,et al.  No Significant Difference Phenomenon , 1999, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[30]  Judith C. Lapadat,et al.  Written Interaction: A Key Component in Online Learning , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[31]  Catherine McLoughlin,et al.  Learner Support in Distance and Networked Learning Environments: Ten Dimensions for Successful Design , 2002 .

[32]  Robert Blomeyer,et al.  The Effects of Distance Education on K-12 Student Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. , 2004 .

[33]  Laurie Lewis,et al.  Distance Education at Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1997-98. , 1999 .

[34]  Valerie E. Lee,et al.  Dropping Out of High School: The Role of School Organization and Structure , 2003 .

[35]  Brian Noonan,et al.  On-line Learning: Secondary Students’ First Experience , 2001 .

[36]  G. Knezek,et al.  New Millennium Research For Educational Technology , 2003 .

[37]  John Sener,et al.  Escaping the Comparison Trap: Evaluating Online Learning on Its Own Terms. , 2004 .

[38]  William,et al.  Cumulative and Residual Effects of Teachers on Future Student Academic Achievement , 1999 .

[39]  O. Simpson.  The impact on retention of interventions to support distance learning students , 2004 .

[40]  Farhad Saba,et al.  Critical Issues in Distance Education: A report from the United States , 2005 .

[41]  Cornelia Weiner,et al.  Key Ingredients to Online Learning: Adolescent Students Study in Cyberspace – The Nature of the Study , 2003 .

[42]  N. Fjortoft.  Predicting Persistence in Distance Learning Programs. , 1995 .

[43]  J. W. Collins.  Using the Internet as a Distance Learning Tool in Selected Secondary School Areas , 2001 .

[44]  Shouping Hu,et al.  The Effects of Student-Faculty Interaction In the 1990s , 2001 .

[45]  S. Francisco,et al.  Recommendations for the State of California , 2001 .

[46]  Joe E. Wheaton,et al.  Bridging the Transactional Distance Gap in Online Learning Environments , 2005 .

[47]  William H. Parrett,et al.  Hope Fulfilled for At-Risk and Violent Youth: K-12 Programs That Work , 2000 .

[48]  N. Fruchter,et al.  Teacher Quality and Student Performance in New York City's Low-Performing Schools , 2001 .

[49]  Leslie A. Moller,et al.  Experiences of Students, Teachers, and Administrators in a Distance Education Course. , 1999 .

[50]  L. Darling-Hammond.  Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: A Review of State Policy Evidence , 2000 .

[51]  Catherine L. Finnegan,et al.  Predicting Retention in Online General Education Courses , 2005 .

[52]  R. Clark.  Media will never influence learning , 1994 .

[53]  Elizabeth Murphy,et al.  Synchronous Communication in a Web-Based Senior High School Course: Maximizing Affordances and Minimizing Constraints of the Tool , 2003 .

[54]  Brent Muirhead,et al.  Interactivity Research Studies , 2001, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[55]  Tom Clark,et al.  Virtual Schools: Trends and Issues. A Study of Virtual Schools in the United States. , 2001 .

[56]  Kathleen Fulton,et al.  Preserving Principles of Public Education in an Online World: What Policymakers Should Be Asking about Virtual Schools (Washington, DC, April 19, 2002). , 2002 .

[57]  C. Gunawardena,et al.  DISTANCE EDUCATION , 2003 .

[58]  R. Kozma.  Learning with Media , 1991 .

[59]  Robert M. Fano.  Computer-Mediated Communication , 1985, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.

[60]  Cathy Cavanaugh,et al.  The effectiveness of interactive distance education technologies in K-12 learning: A meta-analysis , 2001 .

[61]  Louise Yarnall,et al.  THE ONLINE COURSE EXPERIENCE: EVALUATION OF THE VIRTUAL HIGH SCHOOL'S THIRD YEAR OF IMPLEMENTATION, 1999-2000 , 2000 .

[62]  Sandra Frid,et al.  Supporting Primary Students' On-Line Learning in a Virtual Enrichment Program , 2001 .