From acoustic tube to acoustic cues

The relation between sound propagation in the acoustic tube and formant‐based acoustic cues for the phonetic dimension of place of articulation is illustrated. The model for sound propagation comes from Chiba and Kajiyama [The Vowel (Phonetic Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1941)]. The evidence for the acoustic cues comes from the experimental literature published after 1941. The following are emphasized: (1) constriction of tubes and changes in formant frequencies; (2) constriction of tubes and invariants in the changes in formant frequencies; and (3) complexities of the changes in formant frequencies and simplifying rules derived from perceptual tests. A tape of modeled speech sounds will be played.