Septic Embologenic Pneumonia — Clinical and Diagnostical Features (Review and Own Observations)

In contrast to trivial bacterial pneumonia, the diagnosis of septic pulmonary embolism poses a fundamental task for the doctor to search for primary sources of emboli, including right side infective endocarditis, and to change the tactics of managing the patient accordingly. The similarity of the main clinical common and respiratory symptoms of septic pulmonary embolism with symptoms of other inflammatory processes in the lung makes their differential diagnosis difficult without the involvement of additional radiologic investigation methods. The review describes the special features of etiology and pathogenesis, as well as the clinic, complications and principles of diagnosis of septic embolic pneumonia. 

[1]  V. Venugopal,et al.  Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis in a Young Male Presenting With Pneumothorax Secondary to Septic Pulmonary Emboli: A Case Report , 2023, Cureus.

[2]  G. Cimmino,et al.  Current Views on Infective Endocarditis: Changing Epidemiology, Improving Diagnostic Tools and Centering the Patient for Up-to-Date Management , 2023, Life.

[3]  Abdullah Asiri,et al.  Dialysis catheter-related sepsis resulted in infective endocarditis, septic pulmonary embolism and acute inferolateral STEMI: a case report , 2023, European heart journal. Case reports.

[4]  Y. Hirokawa,et al.  Septic pulmonary embolism and subsequent bilateral pneumothorax in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy for head angiosarcoma: An autopsy case report and literature review , 2022, Medicine.

[5]  I. I. Skopin,et al.  Infectious endocarditis and infection of intracardiac devices in adults. Clinical guidelines 2021 , 2022, Russian Journal of Cardiology.

[6]  Andrew Nguyen,et al.  Injection drug induced septic embolism—A growing concern , 2022, Radiology case reports.

[7]  N. Chipigina,et al.  Imaging of Septic Pulmonary Embolism in Right-Side Infective Endocarditis , 2022, Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care".

[8]  A. Sarr,et al.  Cervicofacial Cellulitis due to Staphylococcus aureus with Jugular Vein Thrombosis and Multiple Septic Pulmonary Embolism: A Lemierre-Like Syndrome , 2022, Case reports in infectious diseases.

[9]  A. Yudin,et al.  Actual aspects of radiological diagnosis of septic pulmonary embolism , 2022, Medical Visualization.

[10]  P. Bhargava,et al.  Computed tomography findings in septic pulmonary embolism: A case report and literature review , 2022, Radiology case reports.

[11]  Mohamed Farah Yusuf Mohamud,et al.  Presenting Clinicoradiological Features, Microbiological Spectrum and Outcomes Among Patients with Septic Pulmonary Embolism: A Three-Year Retrospective Observational Study , 2022, International journal of general medicine.

[12]  Z. Chang,et al.  The Incidence of Septic Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae Liver Abscess: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2022, Gastroenterology research and practice.

[13]  P. Colonna,et al.  Right-sided infective endocarditis and pulmonary embolism: a multicenter study. , 2022, Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace.

[14]  K. John,et al.  Infective Endocarditis and Covid -19 Coinfection: An Updated Review , 2022, Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis.

[15]  Taha Ahmed,et al.  Drug use-related right-sided infective endocarditis complicated by empyema and bronchopleural fistula , 2022, BMJ Case Reports.

[16]  M. Alazzawi,et al.  COVID-19-Induced Cavitary Lesion: A Rare Presentation , 2021, Cureus.

[17]  N. Mobarakai,et al.  A Curious Case of MRSA Bacteremia and Septic Pulmonary Embolism Secondary to Peripheral Venous Catheter , 2021, Case reports in critical care.

[18]  M. Hannan,et al.  Prospective Cohort Study of Infective Endocarditis in People Who Inject Drugs. , 2021, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[19]  A. Newcomb,et al.  Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis: The Importance of Vegetation Size. , 2021, Heart, lung & circulation.

[20]  L. Olaison,et al.  Comparing right- and left sided injection-drug related infective endocarditis , 2021, Scientific reports.

[21]  R. Siegel,et al.  Right‐Sided Infective Endocarditis 2020: Challenges and Updates in Diagnosis and Treatment , 2020, Journal of the American Heart Association.

[22]  R. Brugada,et al.  Clinical Prognosis of Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis not Associated with Cardiac Devices or Intravenous Drug use: a Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis , 2020, Scientific Reports.

[23]  N. Karpova,et al.  Infectious Endocarditis in the Elderly – Comparative Study of Clinical Features, Course and Outcomes , 2020, Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology.

[24]  M. Mori,et al.  Trends in Infective Endocarditis Hospitalizations, Characteristics, and Valve Operations in Patients With Opioid Use Disorders in the United States: 2005–2014 , 2020, Journal of the American Heart Association.

[25]  Jin-liang Kong,et al.  Septic pulmonary embolism in China: clinical features and analysis of prognostic factors for mortality in 98 cases , 2019, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[26]  O. Alfieri,et al.  Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. , 2019, European heart journal.

[27]  О. П. Ищенко,et al.  Особенности течения инфекционного эндокардита у инъекционных наркоманов , 2019 .

[28]  P. Benharash,et al.  Clinical Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis in Injection Drug Users. , 2019, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  Zhoujia Yao,et al.  Pneumocardia and septic pulmonary embolism due to nongas-forming liver abscess , 2018, Medicine.

[30]  S. Kapoor,et al.  Septic pulmonary emboli causing recurrent bilateral pneumothoraces in a patient with right sided endocarditis: A case report and review of literature , 2018, SAGE open medical case reports.

[31]  M. Muranjan,et al.  Managing pulmonary embolism secondary to suppurative deep vein thrombophlebitis due to community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in a resource-poor setting , 2018, Journal of postgraduate medicine.

[32]  T. Franquet,et al.  Cavitary Lung Diseases: A Clinical‐Radiologic Algorithmic Approach , 2018, Chest.

[33]  N. Lamblin,et al.  Outcome and prognostic factors of patients with right-sided infective endocarditis requiring intensive care unit admission , 2018, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[34]  C. Henriques,et al.  Klebsiella pneumoniae Invasive Syndrome , 2018, European journal of case reports in internal medicine.

[35]  T. Yokoo,et al.  Pneumothorax Secondary to Septic Pulmonary Emboli in a Long-term Hemodialysis Patient with Psoas Abscess , 2017, Internal medicine.

[36]  Syed T Hussain,et al.  Tricuspid valve endocarditis. , 2017, Annals of cardiothoracic surgery.

[37]  T. Shiota,et al.  Evaluation of vegetation size and its relationship with septic pulmonary embolism in tricuspid valve infective endocarditis: A real time 3DTEE study , 2017, Echocardiography.

[38]  С. И. Глухова,et al.  УЗЛОВАТАЯ ЭРИТЕМА КАК РАЗНОВИДНОСТЬ СЕПТАЛЬНОГО ПАННИКУЛИТА В РЕВМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ: ОЦЕНКА ТЕЧЕНИЯ И ИСХОДОВ , 2016 .

[39]  A. Parkar,et al.  Differential Diagnosis of Cavitary Lung Lesions , 2016, Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology.

[40]  B. M. Cheung,et al.  Septic Pulmonary Embolism Requiring Critical Care: Clinicoradiological Spectrum, Causative Pathogens and Outcomes , 2016, Clinics.

[41]  J. Chahoud,et al.  Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis and Pulmonary Infiltrates: An Update , 2016, Cardiology in review.

[42]  D. Snydman,et al.  Increasing Infectious Endocarditis Admissions Among Young People Who Inject Drugs , 2016, Open forum infectious diseases.

[43]  J. Zamorano,et al.  [2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)]. , 2016, Giornale italiano di cardiologia.

[44]  J. Zamorano,et al.  [2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis]. , 2015, Kardiologia polska.

[45]  David N. Williams,et al.  Associations and Outcomes of Septic Pulmonary Embolism , 2014, The open respiratory medicine journal.

[46]  S. Yuan Right-sided infective endocarditis: recent epidemiologic changes. , 2014, International journal of clinical and experimental medicine.

[47]  David N. Williams,et al.  The Association of Septic Thrombophlebitis with Septic Pulmonary Embolism in Adults , 2012, The open respiratory medicine journal.

[48]  L. Björck,et al.  Activation of the Contact System at the Surface of Fusobacterium necrophorum Represents a Possible Virulence Mechanism in Lemièrre's Syndrome , 2011, Infection and Immunity.

[49]  T. Vadeboncoeur,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis presenting with septic pulmonary emboli. , 2009, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[50]  J. Stout,et al.  Cavitary Pulmonary Disease , 2008, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[51]  Su Guo,et al.  [Septic pulmonary embolism in intravenous drug users]. , 2007, Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases.

[52]  M. Manco‐Johnson,et al.  Lemierre’s and Lemierre’s-Like Syndromes in Children: Survival and Thromboembolic Outcomes , 2005, Pediatrics.

[53]  G. Aughenbaugh,et al.  Septic pulmonary embolism: presenting features and clinical course of 14 patients. , 2005, Chest.

[54]  R. Moss,et al.  Injection drug use and right sided endocarditis , 2003, Heart.

[55]  S. Kendall,et al.  Septic Pulmonary Emboli Caused by a Hemodialysis Catheter , 2002, Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals.

[56]  F. Rong,et al.  [Pulmonary damage caused by right side infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users]. , 2001, Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases.

[57]  M. Monreal,et al.  Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Upper Extremity DVT Associated to Venous Central Lines - A Prospective Study , 1994, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[58]  V. Quagliarello,et al.  Endovascular infections arising from right-sided heart structures. , 1992, Cardiology clinics.

[59]  H. T. Milhorn,et al.  Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis , 1992, The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.

[60]  M. Sheppard,et al.  Pathology of the lung in leukaemia and lymphoma: a study of 87 autopsies , 1991, Histopathology.

[61]  S. Milstein,et al.  Clinical spectrum of septic pulmonary embolism and infarction. , 1978, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[62]  H. Fred,et al.  Septic pulmonary embolism. , 1969, Diseases of the chest.

[63]  C. Haug Review Articles , 1950, Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke.

[64]  L. I. Pelinovskaya,et al.  Features of infective endocarditis in injection drug users , 2019, Russian Journal of Cardiology.

[65]  E. Marchiori,et al.  Frequency and Reliability of the Reversed Halo Sign in Patients With Septic Pulmonary Embolism Due to IV Substance Use Disorder. , 2019, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[66]  Е. Ю. Пономарева,et al.  АНАЛИЗ ГОСПИТАЛЬНОЙ ЛЕТАЛЬНОСТИ ПРИ ИНФЕКЦИОННОМ ЭНДОКАРДИТЕ , 2015 .

[67]  Александр Николаевич Быков,et al.  Инфекционный эндокардит у пациента после трансплантации сердца , 2015 .

[68]  R. Ye,et al.  Clinical characteristics of septic pulmonary embolism in adults: a systematic review. , 2014, Respiratory medicine.

[69]  М. Л. Горенштейн,et al.  Острые аллергические реакции: патогенез и неотложная медицинская помощь , 2010 .

[70]  Чипигина Наталия Семеновна,et al.  Поражение легких при инфекционном эндокардите , 2008 .

[71]  Ю. Ю. Маркина Современные аспекты лучевой диагностики поражений скелета при миеломной болезни , 2008 .