Modeling urban storm rainfall runoff from diverse underlying surfaces and application for control design in Beijing.

Managing storm rainfall runoff is paramount in semi-arid regions with urban development. In Beijing, pollution prevention in urban storm runoff and storm water utilization has been identified as the primary strategy for urban water management. In this paper, we sampled runoff during storm rainfall events and analyzed the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) in the runoff. Furthermore, the first flush effect of storm rainfall from diverse underlying surfaces was also analyzed. With the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), the different impervious rates of underlying surfaces during the storm runoff process were expressed. The removal rates of three typical pollutants and their interactions with precipitation and underlying surfaces were identified. From these rates, the scenarios regarding the urban storm runoff pollution loading from different designs of underlying previous rates were assessed with the SWMM. First flush effect analysis showed that the first 20% of the storm runoff should be discarded, which can help in utilizing the storm water resource. The results of this study suggest that the SWMM can express in detail the storm water pollution patterns from diverse underlying surfaces in Beijing, which significantly affected water quality. The scenario analysis demonstrated that impervious rate adjustment has the potential to reduce runoff peak and decrease pollution loading.

[1]  H. Sieker,et al.  Best management practices for stormwater-runoff with alternative methods in a large urban catchment in Berlin, Germany , 1998 .

[2]  M. Suidan,et al.  Modeling Techniques of Best Management Practices: Rain Barrels and Rain Gardens Using EPA SWMM-5 , 2010 .

[3]  F. Hao,et al.  Soil erosion dynamics response to landscape pattern. , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[4]  Michael K Stenstrom,et al.  Predicting the existence of stormwater first flush from the time of concentration. , 2008, Water research.

[5]  Elena M. Bennett,et al.  Environmental and social predictors of phosphorus in urban streams on the Island of Montréal, Québec , 2011, Urban Ecosystems.

[6]  W. Barner.  Comparison of stormwater management in a karst terrane in Springfield, Missouri — case histories , 1999 .

[7]  Kyoung-Woong Kim,et al.  The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River. , 2008, Environment international.

[8]  E. Peterson,et al.  Assessing the importance of conduit geometry and physical parameters in karst systems using the storm water management model (SWMM) , 2006 .

[9]  A. Thebo,et al.  Impact of urbanization and agriculture on the occurrence of bacterial pathogens and stx genes in coastal waterbodies of central California. , 2011, Water research.

[10]  Jean E T Mclain,et al.  Impacts of urbanization on groundwater quality and recharge in a semi-arid alluvial basin , 2011 .

[11]  Geonha Kim,et al.  Using SWMM as a tool for hydrologic impact assessment , 2007 .

[12]  Deep Narayan Pandey,et al.  Rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change , 2003 .

[13]  Jennifer Davis,et al.  A new applications manual for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) , 2010, Environ. Model. Softw..

[14]  Ghassan Chebbo,et al.  The first flush in sewer systems , 1996 .

[15]  Kyung-sook Choi,et al.  Parameter estimation for urban runoff modelling , 2002 .

[16]  Rabin Bhattarai,et al.  Nutrient transport through a Vegetative Filter Strip with subsurface drainage. , 2009, Journal of environmental management.

[17]  William D. Shuster,et al.  Application of market mechanisms and incentives to reduce stormwater runoff § An integrated hydrologic, economic and legal approach , 2005 .

[18]  K. Hubacek,et al.  Environmental implications of urbanization and lifestyle change in China: Ecological and Water Footprints , 2009 .

[19]  Effects from log-yard stormwater runoff on the microalgae Scenedesmus subspicatus: intra-storm magnitude and variability. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[20]  Arthur R Schmidt,et al.  Improved understanding and prediction of the hydrologic response of highly urbanized catchments through development of the Illinois Urban Hydrologic Model , 2011 .

[21]  John FitzGibbon,et al.  Modeling the Effects of Land Use Change on the Water Temperature in Unregulated Urban Streams , 1997 .

[22]  V. Tsihrintzis,et al.  Modeling and Management of Urban Stormwater Runoff Quality: A Review , 1997 .

[23]  William F. Hunt,et al.  Stormwater control measure (SCM) design standards to limit stream erosion for Piedmont North Carolina , 2011 .

[24]  Yen-Chang Chen,et al.  Integrating legacy components into a software system for storm sewer simulation , 2006, Environ. Model. Softw..

[25]  Larry A. Roesner,et al.  Urban runoff pollution — Summary thoughts — The state-of-practice today and for the 21st century , 1999 .

[26]  K. Schiff,et al.  Assessment of efficient sampling designs for urban stormwater monitoring. , 2002, Water research.

[27]  B. Helmreich,et al.  A field study on the first flush effect of copper roof runoff , 2010 .

[28]  A. Semadeni-Davies,et al.  The impacts of climate change and urbanisation on drainage in Helsingborg, Sweden: Suburban stormwater , 2008 .

[29]  Matthias Obermann,et al.  Investigation of first flushes in a medium-sized mediterranean catchment , 2009 .

[30]  Nabil A. Zaghloul,et al.  Neural network solution of inverse parameters used in the sensitivity-calibration analysis of the SWMM model simulations , 2001 .

[31]  J. B. Ellis,et al.  Overview of urban drainage: environmental impacts and concerns, means of mitigation and implementation policies , 1996 .