Plebiscites in Europe after the First World War

The article discusses plebiscites held in years after the First World War, specifically in 1920 and 1921. They were conducted for the purpose of redrawing borders in areas where this was difficult due to their multinational structure, as well as economic, geographical, and historical factors. Thus, the great powers, who were on a winning side in the First World War, in some cases decided for an instrument of popular vote, which was not a novelty in history, but was then used for the first time to a greater extend. In the article, the authors present the similarities and differences between the discussed plebiscites.

[1]  Tamara Griesser-Pečar Prvo povojno leto v Evropi in svetu , 2020 .

[2]  Gorazd Bajc,et al.  Koroška leta 1919 in ozadje sprejetja odločitve o plebiscitu – britanski pogled in reakcije v slovenskem tisku , 2020 .

[3]  Andrej Rahten Šampanjec v Gradcu in nemške demivierges" – ocena delovanja podpolkovnika Shermana Milesa na Štajerskem leta 1919 , 2019 .

[4]  Jurij Perovšek Nastanek Države Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov 29. oktobra 1918 in njen narodnozgodovinski pomen , 2019, Studia Historica Slovenica.

[5]  Božo Repe Evropa in svet ob koncu Velike vojne , 2019, Studia Historica Slovenica.

[6]  Jurij Perovšek Položaj Slovencev v Državi Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov , 2019, Contributions to Contemporary History.

[7]  A. Suppan The Imperialist Peace Order in Central Europe: , 2019 .

[8]  Jochen Böhler Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921 , 2018 .

[9]  Brendan Karch Nation and Loyalty in a German-Polish Borderland , 2018 .

[10]  A. Demshuk Creating Nationality in Central Europe, 1800–1950: Modernity, Violence, and (Be)longing in Upper Silesia. Ed. James Bjork, Tomasz Kamusella, Tim Wilson, and Anna Novikov. London: Routledge, 2016. xvi, 236 pp. Notes. Index. Figures. $160 hard bound, $49.95 paper. , 2018, Slavic Review.

[11]  Leonard V. Smith Sovereignty at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , 2018 .

[12]  Carsten Holbraad Danish Reactions to German Occupation: History and Historiography , 2017 .

[13]  T. Wilson,et al.  Creating nationality in Central Europe, 1880-1950 : modernity, violence and (be)longing in Upper Silesia , 2016 .

[14]  K. Sturm-Schnabl,et al.  Enzyklopädie der slowenischen Kulturgeschichte in Kärnten/Koroška, Band 1: A-I : Von den Anfängen bis 1942 , 2016 .

[15]  J. Imre Burgenland and the Austria-Hungary Border Dispute in International Perspective, 1918–22 , 2015 .

[16]  J. Hare Excavating Nations: Archaeology, Museums, and the German-Danish Borderlands , 2015 .

[17]  A. Watson “Unheard-of Brutality”: Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914–1915* , 2014, The Journal of Modern History.

[18]  M. Klatt,et al.  The negotiation of national and regional identity during the Schleswig-plebiscite following the First World War , 2014 .

[19]  M. Qvortrup Referendums and Ethnic Conflict , 2014 .

[20]  Sally Marks Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921* , 2013, The Journal of Modern History.

[21]  Peter Polak-Springer Landscapes of Revanchism: Building and the Contestation of Space in an Industrial Polish-German Borderland, 1922–1945 , 2012, Central European History.

[22]  Richard Blanke “Polish-Speaking Germans?” Language and National Identity Among the Masurians , 1999, Nationalities Papers.

[23]  H. Gilles CONCLUSION , 1997, The Fortunes of Apuleius and the Golden Ass.

[24]  Ralph Schattkowsky Separatism in the Eastern Provinces of the German Reich at the End of the First World War , 1994 .

[25]  Alan Sharp The Versailles Settlement , 1991 .

[26]  M. Biskupski Re-creating Central Europe: The United States ‘Inquiry’ into the Future of Poland in 1918 , 1990 .

[27]  T. H. Tooley German Political Violence and the Border Plebiscite in Upper Silesia, 1919–1921 , 1988, Central European History.

[28]  J. Goold Lord Hardinge as Ambassador to France, and the Anglo-French Dilemma over Germany and the Near East, 1920–1922 , 1978, The Historical Journal.

[29]  Rudolph M. Susel Prva Odločitev Slovencev Za Jugoslavijo: Politika Na Domačih Tleh Med Vojno, 1914-1918. By Janko Pleterski. Ljubljana: Slovenska Matica, 1971. 324 pp. 84 new dinars. , 1975, Slavic Review.

[30]  H. Rosenthal National Self-Determination: The Example of Upper Silesia , 1972 .

[31]  F. Zimmermann The Role of the Burgenland in the History of the Habsburg Monarchy , 1972, Austrian History Yearbook.

[32]  N. Davies Lloyd George and Poland, 1919-20 , 1971 .

[33]  F. G. Campbell The Struggle for Upper Silesia, 1919-1922 , 1970, The Journal of Modern History.

[34]  C. A. Macartney France and her Eastern Allies, 1919–1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno , 1963 .

[35]  O. Janowsky,et al.  Plebiscites since the World War, with a collection of official documents , 1934 .