Technologies for lake restoration

Lakes are suffering from different stress factors and need to be restored using different approaches. The eutrophication remains as the main water quality management problem for inland waters: both lakes and reservoirs. The way to curb the degradation is to stop the nutrient sources and to accelerate the restoration with help of in-lake technologies. Especially lakes with a long retention time need (eco-) technological help to decrease the nutrient content in the free water. The microbial and other organic matter from sewage and other autochthonous biomasses, causes oxygen depletion, which has many adverse effects. In less developed countries big reservoirs function as sewage treatment plants. Natural aeration solves problems only partly and many pollutants tend to accumulate in the sediments. The acidification by acid rain and by pyrite oxidation has to be controlled by acid neutralizing technologies. Addition of alkaline chemicals is useful only for soft waters, and technologies for (microbial) alkalinization of very acidic hardwater mining lakes are in development. The corrective measures differ from those in use for eutrophication control. The salinization and water shortage mostly occurs if more water is used than available. L. Aral, L. Tschad, the Dead Sea or L. Nasser belong to waters with most severe environmental problems on a global scale. Their hydrologic regime needs to be evaluated. The inflow of salt water at the bottom of some mining lakes adds to stability of stratification, and thus accumulation of hydrogen sulphide in the monimolimnion of the meromictic lakes. Destratification, which is the most used technology, is only restricted applicable because of the dangerous concentrations of the byproducts of biological degradation. The contamination of lakes with hazardous substances from industry and agriculture require different restoration technologies, including subhydric isolation and storage, addition of nutrients for better self-purification or anaerobic technologies, to eliminate the pollutant nitrate by microbial denitrification. The retention time is an important parameter for modellers and limnologists, that allows them to decide, which technologies – hydromechanical, chemical or biological – have to be applied alone or in combination to cope best with each specific problem. The technologies have to be economical and ecological safe.

[1]  E. Welch,et al.  Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs , 2005 .

[2]  M. P. Grimm,et al.  Food web manipulation in Lake Zwemlust: Positive and negative effects during the first two years , 1989, Hydrobiological Bulletin.

[3]  M. Meijer,et al.  Restoration by biomanipulation of lake Bleiswijkse Zoom (The Netherlands): First results , 1989, Hydrobiological Bulletin.

[4]  M. Beklioğlu,et al.  Restoration of the eutrophic Lake Eymir, Turkey, by biomanipulation after a major external nutrient control I , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[5]  K. Hambright,et al.  Top-down control in pelagic systems: a role for invertebrate predation , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[6]  E. Donk,et al.  Lakes in the Netherlands, their origin, eutrophication and restoration: state-of-the-art review , 2002 .

[7]  J. Tittel,et al.  Functions of Straw for In Situ Remediation of Acidic Mining Lakes , 2002 .

[8]  H. Klapper.  Mining Lakes: Generation, Loading and Water Quality Control , 2002 .

[9]  Inke Schauser,et al.  Entscheidungsfindung und Entscheidungshilfen bei der Seentherapie : Seentherapie: Grundlagen, Methoden, Perpektiven , 2002 .

[10]  H. Klapper,et al.  Water quality management of mining lakes: a new field of applied hydrobiology , 2001 .

[11]  Erik Jeppesen,et al.  Retention and Internal Loading of Phosphorus in Shallow, Eutrophic Lakes , 2001, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[12]  C. Bonacina.  Lake Orta: the undermining of an ecosystem , 2001 .

[13]  T. Quandt.  Anwendung von Tonmineralen in der Seenbehandlung Teil 2: Sedimentabdeckung , 2001 .

[14]  R. Brüggemann,et al.  Mechanical resuspension of autochthonous calcite (Seekreide) failed to control internal phosphorus cycle in a eutrophic lake , 2000 .

[15]  B. Moss.  British Phycological Society Presidential Address 1999 from algal culture to ecosystem; from information to culture , 1999 .

[16]  W. Scheffer,et al.  GEWASSEREXTERNE PHOSPHATELIMINATION AM SUSSEN SEE , 1999 .

[17]  C. Kennedy,et al.  Strategies for Remediation of Former Opencast Mining Areas in Eastern Germany , 1999 .

[18]  H. Rönicke,et al.  Control of phosphorus and plankton by calcite flushing in Lake Arendsee: enclosure experiments , 1997 .

[19]  R. Koschel.  STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PELAGIC CALCITE PRECIPITATION IN LAKE ECOSYSTEMS , 1997 .

[20]  A. Zeman,et al.  Preliminary Results of Demonstration Capping Project in Hamilton Harbour , 1997 .

[21]  J. Burke,et al.  Lake Management Based on Lime Application and Hypolimnetic Oxygenation: the Experience in Eutrophic Hardwater Lakes in Alberta , 1997 .

[22]  David M. Harper,et al.  Eutrophication of freshwaters: principles, problems and restoration. , 1992 .

[23]  David M. Harper,et al.  Eutrophication of Freshwaters , 1991 .

[24]  J. Green.  The Control of Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs , 1991, Environmental Conservation.

[25]  Helmut Klapper,et al.  Control of eutrophication in inland waters , 1991 .

[26]  H. Sas,et al.  Lake restoration by reduction of nutrient loading: Expectations, experiences, extrapolations , 1990 .

[27]  H. Olem.  Liming Acidic Surface Waters , 1990 .

[28]  h-sas-i-ahlgren.  Lake restoration by reduction of nutrient loading: Expectations, experiences, extrapolations , 1989 .

[29]  J. Benndorf,et al.  Control of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs by means of pre-dams—I. Mode of operation and calculation of the nutrient elimination capacity , 1987 .

[30]  J. Benndorf,et al.  Control of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs by means of Pre-Dams—II. Validation of the phosphate removal model and size optimization , 1987 .

[31]  D. M. Imboden,et al.  A dynamic lake model for trophic state prediction , 1978 .

[32]  Przemysław Olszewski.  Versuch einer Ableitung des hypolimnischen Wassers aus einem See: Ergebnisse des ersten Versuchsjahres: Mit Tafel 9 sowie 5 Abbildungen im Text und auf 1 Beilage , 1961 .