The Spin-off Chain

Several theories have been developed over a large number of years on the effort of localisation and exploitation of research results that take place in research laboratories and which can lead to the production of innovative products. This process is being facilitated by spin-off companies. The objectives of this paper is to review relevant models and build a conceptual framework – the ‘Spin-off Chain’ – to direct a undeveloped, region throughout the spin-off process. Unlikely to other models that consider the entrepreneurial-economic growth connection as shelf evident, the Spin-Off Chain integrates the regional and national context into the main university-based entrepreneurial process at a point that this connection is in its infantry and still requires top-down direction. Therefore, a pilot project is designed to apply the concept at the West Macedonia, Greece, aiming to generate the first spin-off company bypassing the barriers and shortages of the region.

[1]  Mike Wright,et al.  Entrepreneurship and University Technology Transfer , 2004 .

[2]  M. Lerner,et al.  Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research , 2003 .

[3]  H. Etzkowitz,et al.  The Future of the University and the University of the Future: Evolution of Ivory Tower to Entrepreneurial Paradigm , 2000 .

[4]  B. Reitan.  Fostering technical entrepreneurship in research communities: Granting scholarships to would-be entrepreneurs , 1997 .

[5]  R. Oakey,et al.  High-Technology New Firms: Variable Barriers To Growth , 1995 .

[6]  C. Druilhe.  Tracking the emergence and progress of university spin-out cases , 2002, IEEE International Engineering Management Conference.

[7]  David J. Storey,et al.  Public Policy Measures to Support New Technology-Based Firms in the European Union , 1998 .

[8]  David Charles,et al.  Making sense of diversity and reluctance: academic-industrial relations and intellectual property , 1999 .

[9]  Barbara J. Bird.  Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention , 1988 .

[10]  Edward B. Roberts,et al.  Entrepreneurs in high technology : lessons from MIT and beyond , 1991 .

[11]  Edward B. Roberts,et al.  Policies and structures for spinning off new companies from research and development organizations , 1998 .

[12]  Georges Romme,et al.  Creating University Spinoffs : A Science-Based Design Perspective , 2009 .

[13]  Everett M. Rogers,et al.  The role of the research university in the spin-off of high-technology companies , 1986 .

[14]  W. A. Sahlman,et al.  How to write a great business plan. , 2008, Harvard business review.

[15]  W. E. During,et al.  New Technology Based Firms in the New Millennium , 2001 .

[16]  Magnus Gulbrandsen,et al.  Initiatives to promote commercialization of university knowledge , 2006 .

[17]  Rebecca De Coster,et al.  Assessment of proposals for new technology ventures in the UK: characteristics of university spin-off companies , 2005 .

[18]  Mike Wright,et al.  Conceptualising the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multi-dimensional taxonomy , 2006 .

[19]  Magnus Klofsten,et al.  Book Review: Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spin-offs and Wealth Creation , 2005 .

[20]  Henry Mintzberg.  Mintzberg on management : inside our strange world of organizations , 1991 .

[21]  Walter W. Powell,et al.  A Comparison of U.S. and European University-Industry Relations in the Life Sciences , 2001 .

[22]  Paul A. Gompers,et al.  The venture capital cycle , 1999 .

[23]  Marcus Glader.  Innovation Markets And Competition Analysis: Eu Competition Law and Us Antitrust Law , 2006 .

[24]  Karel J. Samsom,et al.  University scientists as entrepreneurs: a special case of technology transfer and high-tech venturing , 1993 .

[25]  Norma Harrison,et al.  Technology management , 2001 .

[26]  Judith K. Larsen,et al.  Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture.@@@Silicon Valley Fever: Growth of High-Technology Culture. , 1987 .

[27]  Edward B. Roberts,et al.  Overcoming Weak Entrepreneurial Infrastructures for Academic Spin-Off Ventures , 2004 .

[28]  A. Romme,et al.  Policy Principles for the Creation and Success of Corporate and Academic Spin-Offs , 2010 .

[29]  A. Sánchez,et al.  The development of university spin-offs: early dynamics of technology transfer and networking , 2003 .

[30]  Robert G. Cooper,et al.  Winning at new products : accelerating the process from idea to launch , 2001 .

[31]  Elias G. Carayannis,et al.  High-technology spin-offs from government R&D laboratories and research universities , 1998 .

[32]  Mike Wright,et al.  Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies , 2005 .

[33]  Magnus Henrekson,et al.  Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Policies Towards the Commercialization of University Intellectual Property , 2003 .

[34]  Harald Bathelt,et al.  A knowledge-based typology of university spin-offs in the context of regional economic development , 2010 .

[35]  H. Stevenson,et al.  A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management * , 1990 .

[36]  William D. Bygrave,et al.  The Entrepreneur ship Paradigm (I): A Philosophical Look at Its Research Methodologies , 1989 .

[37]  J. Lang.  European Community Antitrust Law: Innovation Markets and High Technology Industries , 1996 .

[38]  Y. Lee,et al.  'TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER' AND THE RESEARCH UNIVERSITY : A SEARCH FOR THE BOUNDARIES OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION , 1996 .

[39]  Philippe Mustar,et al.  How French academics create hi-tech companies: The conditions for success or failure , 1997 .

[40]  George Jr. Stalk Hout.  Competing Against Time : How Time Based Competition Is Reshaping Global Markets , 2002 .

[41]  Mike Wright,et al.  Academic and Surrogate Entrepreneurs in University Spin-out Companies , 2001 .

[42]  David B. Greenberger,et al.  An Interactive Model of New Venture Initiation , 1988 .

[43]  Joshua B. Powers,et al.  University Start-Up Formation and Technology Licensing with Firms that Go Public: A Resource-Based View of Academic Entrepreneurship , 2005 .

[44]  Fabrice Pirnay,et al.  A stage model of academic spin-off creation , 2002 .

[45]  Frédéric Nlemvo,et al.  Toward a Typology of University Spin-offs , 2003 .

[46]  Andrea Piccaluga,et al.  Exploitation and diffusion of public research: the case of academic spin-off companies in Italy , 2000 .

[47]  Odd Jarl Borch,et al.  University capabilities in facilitating entrepreneurship: A longitudinal study of spin-off ventures at mid-range universities , 2010 .

[48]  David C. Mowery,et al.  Special Issue on University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer: Introduction to the Special Issue on University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer , 2002, Manag. Sci..

[49]  Julian Lowe,et al.  Commercialization of university research: A policy perspective , 1993 .

[50]  Klaus Schwab,et al.  The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010 , 2009 .