Regeneration of spines and pedicellariae in echinoderms: A review

Morphogenesis of tissues during regeneration of echinoderm spines and pedicellariae is reviewed. Regeneration of the skeleton is rather well documented while that of associated soft tissues is poorly investigated. In particular, little information is available on the early regeneration stages which follow wound healing. From the available information, it is suggested that regeneration of broken spines proceeds through a morphallactic process of which the organizational information, as well as the involved cells, lies in the stump. In contrast, regeneration of removed spines and pedicellariae may depend on an epimorphic process whose organizational information could be located in the mutable connective tissue that joins the appendage to the main body wall. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:427–437, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

[1]  P. Dubois,et al.  Ultrastructure of the echinoderm cuticle after fast‐freezing / freeze substitution and conventional chemical fixations , 2000, Microscopy research and technique.

[2]  J. D. Del Castillo,et al.  Catch in the primary spines of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides: a brief review and a new interpretation. , 1995, The Biological bulletin.

[3]  M. Jensen.  The response of two sea-urchins to the sea-star Marthasterias glacialis (L.) and other stimuli , 1966 .

[4]  B. Heatfield,et al.  The effect of temperature on the chemistry and structure of echinoid spine regeneration , 1972 .

[5]  I. Wilkie.  Mutable Collagenous Structure or Not? A Comment on the Re-interpretation by del Castillo et al. of the Catch Mechanism in the Sea Urchin Spine Ligament. , 1996, The Biological bulletin.

[6]  B. Heatfield.  CALCIFICATION IN ECHINODERMS: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND DIAMOX ON INCORPORATION OF CALCIUM-45 IN VITRO BY REGENERATING SPINES OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS. , 1970, The Biological bulletin.

[7]  B. Heatfield.  Ultrastuctural studies of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.II.Cell types with spherules , 1975 .

[8]  P. Dubois,et al.  High sensitivity of skeletogenesis to Pb in the asteroid Asterias rubens (Echinodermata) , 1997 .

[9]  M. Diab,et al.  MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CONTROL OF NON- MUSCULAR CATCH IN SPINE LIGAMENTS OF THE SEA URCHIN, STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCANUS , 1984 .

[10]  C. B. Alender,et al.  A fine structure study of venom gland cells in globiferous pedicellariae from Stronglocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) , 1974, Journal of morphology.

[11]  J. Lawrence.  A Functional Biology of Echinoderms , 1987 .

[12]  K. Nealson,et al.  The Fine Structure of the Echinoderm Cuticle and the Subcuticular Bacteria of Echinoderms , 1978 .

[13]  J. B. Pilkington.  The organization of skeletal tissues in the spines of Echinus esculentus , 1969, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[14]  P. Dubois,et al.  Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the early calcification site and of its mineralization organic matrix in Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) , 1998, Histochemistry and Cell Biology.

[15]  B. Heatfield,et al.  Ultrastructural studies of regenerating spines of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus I. Cell types without spherules , 1975, Journal of morphology.

[16]  L. Holland,et al.  The fine structure of epidermal glands of regenerating and mature globiferous pedicellariae of a sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus). , 1975, Tissue & cell.

[17]  M. Hidaka,et al.  Fine Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Catch Apparatus of the Sea-Urchin Spine, a Collagenous Connective Tissue with Muscle-Like Holding Capacity , 1983 .

[18]  T. Ebert,et al.  Plastic responses to limited food availability and spine damage in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) , 1991 .

[19]  T. Ebert.  GROWTH AND REPAIR OF SPINES IN THE SEA URCHIN STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS (STIMPSON) , 1967 .

[20]  B. Heatfield.  Growth of the calcareous skeleton during regeneration of spines of the sea urchin, strongylocentrotus purpuratus (stimpson): A light and scanning electron microscopic study , 1971, Journal of morphology.

[21]  P. Dubois,et al.  Ultrastructure of sea urchin calcified tissues after high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. , 2000, Journal of structural biology.

[22]  B. Heatfield.  Origin of calcified tissue in regenerating spines of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson): a quantitative radioautographic study with tritiated thymidine. , 1971, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[23]  A new theory to explain the origin of growth lines in sea urchin spines , 1986 .

[24]  R. R. Strathmann.  The role of spines in preventing structural damage to echinoid tests , 1981, Paleobiology.

[25]  S. Oldfield.  The form of the globiferous pedicellarial ossicles of the regular echinoid, Psammechinus miliaris Gmelin. , 1976, Tissue & cell.