Realising the Benefits of Sports and Physical Activity: The Human Capital Model (Materializando los beneficios del deporte y la actividad física: El modelo de capital humano)

Despite the fact that physical activity is universally acknowledged to be an important part of healthy functioning and well being, the full scope of its value is rarely appreciated. This paper introduces a novel framework for understanding the relationships between physical activity (and specific forms of activity like sports) and different aspects of human development. It proposes that the outcomes of physical activity can be framed as differential 'capitals' that represent investments in domain-specific assets - Emotional, Financial, Individual, Intellectual, Physical, and Social. These investments, especially when made early in the life course, can yield significant rewards, both at that time and for years to come. The paper also outlines some of the conditions necessary for the realization of Human Capital growth through sports and physical activity, focusing on the social

[1]  S. Walters.  Whose game are we playing? a study of the effects of adult involvement on children participating in organised team sports , 2011 .

[2]  D. Siedentop.  Junior Sport and the Evolution of Sport Cultures. , 2002 .

[3]  T. Baranowski,et al.  Non-curricular approaches for increasing physical activity in youth: a review. , 2004, Preventive medicine.

[4]  Nickolas W. Davis,et al.  When Sibling Becomes Competitor: A Qualitative Investigation of Same-Sex Sibling Competition in Elite Sport , 2008 .

[5]  K. Davison.  Activity-Related Support From Parents, Peers, and Siblings and Adolescents’ Physical Activity: Are There Gender Differences? , 2004 .

[6]  James F. Sallis,et al.  Physical activity & behavioral medicine , 1999 .

[7]  H. Dismore,et al.  Girls' participation in physical activities and sports: benefits, patterns, influences and ways forward , 2004 .

[8]  J. Fraser-Thomas,et al.  Youth Sports: Implementing Findings and Moving Forward with Research , 2006 .

[9]  D. Gould,et al.  The role of parents in tennis success: Focus group interviews with junior coaches , 2008 .

[10]  S. Gandhi.  Parent-youth associations of physical activity and the influence of family and neighbourhood social factors , 2011 .

[11]  M. von Salisch,et al.  [Friendship and peer relations]. , 2013, Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie.

[12]  Jacob E. Barkley,et al.  The effect of peer influence on the amount of physical activity performed in 8- to 12-year-old boys. , 2011, Pediatric exercise science.

[13]  P. Veugelers,et al.  Self‐esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic , 2008, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[14]  J. Sallis,et al.  Physical Activity and Behavioral Medicine , 1998 .

[15]  P T Katzmarzyk,et al.  International prevalence of physical activity in youth and adults , 2008, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[16]  Maureen R. Weiss,et al.  A Developmental Analysis of Children’s Self-Ability Judgments in the Physical Domain , 1991 .

[17]  Socioeconomic perspectives on physical activity and aging , 2011, European Review of Aging and Physical Activity.

[18]  Marc H. Bornstein,et al.  Social, emotional, and personality development , 1988 .

[19]  Mick Green,et al.  Elite Sport Development: Policy Learning and Political Priorities , 2005 .

[20]  Brian L. Keeley,et al.  Human Capital , 2019, Handbook of Cliometrics.

[21]  J. Berryman,et al.  The American college of sports medicine , 2004 .

[22]  N. Owen,et al.  Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity: a review. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[23]  T. Burns,et al.  Tracking of activity and sedentary behaviors in childhood: the Iowa Bone Development Study. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[24]  N. Maffulli,et al.  Parental influence on sport participation in elite young athletes. , 2003, The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness.

[25]  Sharon Wheeler.  The significance of family culture for sports participation , 2012 .

[26]  Frank J. Sulloway.  Born to Rebel , 1996 .

[27]  N. Anderssen.  Physical Activity and Behavioral Medicine , 1999, Journal of health psychology.

[28]  John C Mathers,et al.  Tracking of obesity-related behaviours from childhood to adulthood: A systematic review. , 2011, Maturitas.

[29]  Marsha Dowda,et al.  Compliance With National Guidelines for Physical Activity in U.S. Preschoolers: Measurement and Interpretation , 2011, Pediatrics.

[30]  J. Cȏté,et al.  Children's involvement in sport: A developmental perspective , 2002 .

[31]  Richard Bailey,et al.  Physical education and sport in schools: a review of benefits and outcomes. , 2006, The Journal of school health.

[32]  R. Brustad.  Integrating Socialization Influences into the Study of Ciildren's Motivation in Sport , 1992 .

[33]  U. Bronfenbrenner.  The ecology of cognitive development: Research models and fugitive findings. , 1993 .

[34]  John C. Spence,et al.  Toward a comprehensive model of physical activity , 2003 .

[35]  L. Moore,et al.  Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. , 1991, The Journal of pediatrics.

[36]  B. Erens,et al.  The Health Survey for England , 1999 .

[37]  B. Wold,et al.  Organized youth sport as a predictor of physical activity in adulthood , 2009, Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports.

[38]  B. Wold,et al.  Parental and peer influences on leisure-time physical activity in young adolescents. , 1992, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[39]  S. Blair,et al.  Early life determinants of physical activity in 11 to 12 year olds: cohort study , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[40]  Shigeru Inoue,et al.  The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health , 2012, The Lancet.

[41]  L. Hardy,et al.  Parental perceptions of barriers to children's participation in organised sport in Australia , 2010, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[42]  Jacquelynne S. Eccles,et al.  Gender differences in sport involvement: Applying the eccles' expectancy-value model , 1991 .

[43]  J Viikari,et al.  Physical activity in childhood and adolescence as predictor of physical activity in young adulthood. , 1997, American journal of preventive medicine.

[44]  J. Prochaska,et al.  The association of school environments with youth physical activity. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[45]  K. Fischer,et al.  The Ecology of Cognitive Development: Research Models and Fugitive Findings , 2014 .

[46]  K. Froberg,et al.  Sociocultural correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents: findings from the Danish arm of the European Youth Heart study. , 2008, Pediatric exercise science.

[47]  M. Chase,et al.  The Role of Sport as a Social Status Determinant for Children , 2011, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[48]  S. Trost,et al.  Associations between physical activity and other health behaviors in a representative sample of US adolescents. , 1996, American journal of public health.

[49]  Leonard H Epstein,et al.  Effect of peers and friends on youth physical activity and motivation to be physically active. , 2008, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[50]  V. Krane.  We Can Be Athletic and Feminine, But Do We Want To? Challenging Hegemonic Femininity in Women's Sport , 2001 .

[51]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. , 1997 .

[52]  Achievement Motivation among High School Basketball and Cross-Country Athletes: A Personal Investment Perspective , 2001 .

[53]  M. Chase,et al.  The role of sports as a social status determinant for children. , 1992, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[54]  A. Bauman,et al.  Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. , 2000, Preventive medicine.

[55]  D. Memmert,et al.  Why children join and stay in sports clubs: case studies in Australian, French and German swimming clubs , 2013 .

[56]  Justine B. Allen.  Social Motivation in Youth Sport , 2003 .

[57]  T. Gorely,et al.  Parental influences on different types and intensities of physical activity in youth: A systematic review , 2010 .

[58]  S. Arent,et al.  Physical activity: an underestimated investment in human capital? , 2013, Journal of physical activity & health.

[59]  Gregory J. Welk,et al.  The Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model: A Conceptual Bridge Between Theory and Practice , 1999 .

[60]  J. Cȏté,et al.  The Influence of the Family in the Development of Talent in Sport , 1999 .

[61]  J. Silverstein,et al.  The Impact of Peer Victimization, Parent Distress and Child Depression on Barrier Formation and Physical Activity in Overweight Youth , 2008, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[62]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[63]  G. Welk.  Promoting Physical Activity in Children: Parental Influences. ERIC Digest. , 1999 .

[64]  Jeffrey Harris,et al.  Why children turn out the way they do , 1998 .

[65]  Saifuddin Ahmed,et al.  Adolescent physical activities as predictors of young adult weight. , 2008, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[66]  Madhavi Bajekal,et al.  Health Survey for England , 2004 .

[67]  G. Pearce,et al.  Three Worlds: new directions in participant development in sport and physical activity , 2012 .

[68]  R. Bailey,et al.  Crystallising experiences among young elite dancers , 2009 .

[69]  Joan E. Grusec,et al.  Parenting and children's internalization of values : a handbook of contemporary theory , 1997 .

[70]  Claude Lenfant,et al.  World Heart Day 2002: the international burden of cardiovascular disease: responding to the emerging global epidemic. , 2002, Circulation.

[71]  Patrick Z Pearce,et al.  Exercise is Medicine™ , 2008, Current sports medicine reports.

[72]  Martyn Standage,et al.  A model of contextual motivation in physical education: Using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions. , 2003 .

[73]  A. Pellegrini,et al.  Physical activity play: the nature and function of a neglected aspect of playing. , 1998, Child development.

[74]  Kenneth H. Rubin,et al.  Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups , 2007 .

[75]  R. Brustad.  Attraction to physical activity in urban schoolchildren: parental socialization and gender influences. , 1996, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.