Temperature sensors and voltage references implemented in CMOS technology

This paper reviews the concepts, opportunities and limitations of temperature sensors and voltage references realized in CMOS technology. It is shown that bipolar substrate transis- tors are very suited to be applied to generate the basic and PTAT voltages. Furthermore, it is shown that dynamic element matching and auto-calibration can solve the problems related to mismatching of components and noise. The effects of mechan- ical stress are a major source of inaccuracy. In CMOS technology, the mechanical-stress effects are small, as compared to those in bipolar technology. It is concluded that, with low-cost CMOS tech- nolog, rather accurate voltage references and temperature sensors can be realized.

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