Impedance Metrology: Bridging the LF–RF Gap

This article describes two approaches for modeling impedances along the physical gap existing between the low- and high-frequency ranges. For this purpose, the physics of a Haddad-type resistor standard has been investigated taking into account the EM-field propagation and the effect of connectors. It turns out that above 30 MHz, the frequency dependence of the resistance is mainly dominated by the effects of the connector system. In addition, a new capacitor standard has been designed by means of physical simulations. In both approaches, a new method to exploit the information of the impedance matrix is presented. The use of this method considerably improves the impedance model. Preliminary results show a good agreement with measured data at low and high frequencies. A first estimation of the uncertainty has been also included in this article.

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