Learned Global Optimization for Inverse Scattering Problems - Matching Global Search with Computational Efficiency

The computationally-efficient solution of fully non-linear microwave inverse scattering problems (ISPs) is addressed. An innovative System-by-Design (SbD) based method is proposed to enable, for the first time to the best of the authors’ knowledge, an effective, robust, and time-efficient exploitation of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) to perform the global minimization of the data-mismatch cost function. According to the SbD paradigm as suitably applied to ISPs, the proposed approach founds on (i) a smart re-formulation of the ISP based on the definition of a minimum-dimensionality and representative set of degrees-of-freedom (DoFs) and on (ii) the artificial-intelligence (AI)-driven integration of a customized global search technique with a digital twin (DT) predictor based on the Gaussian Process (GP) theory. Representative numerical and experimental results are provided to assess the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed approach also in comparison with competitive state-of-the-art inversion techniques.

[1]  Xiuzhu Ye,et al.  Fast Microwave Through Wall Imaging Method With Inhomogeneous Background Based on Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[2]  A. Massa,et al.  Multifrequency Particle Swarm Optimization for Enhanced Multiresolution GPR Microwave Imaging , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[3]  Lixin Ran,et al.  Multiplicative-Regularized FFT Twofold Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Inverse Scattering Problems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[4]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Solving Inverse-Scattering Problems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[5]  C. Eyraud,et al.  Free space experimental scattering database continuation: experimental set-up and measurement precision , 2005 .

[6]  W. Chew,et al.  Reconstruction of two-dimensional permittivity distribution using the distorted Born iterative method. , 1990, IEEE transactions on medical imaging.

[7]  Amin M. Abbosh,et al.  Modified Born Iterative Method in Medical Electromagnetic Tomography Using Magnetic Field Fluctuation Contrast Source Operator , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[8]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Computational Methods for Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering , 2018 .

[9]  Xiuzhu Ye,et al.  Deep Learning-Based Inversion Methods for Solving Inverse Scattering Problems With Phaseless Data , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[10]  David H. Wolpert,et al.  No free lunch theorems for optimization , 1997, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput..

[11]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Twofold subspace-based optimization method for solving inverse scattering problems , 2009 .

[12]  Federico Viani,et al.  Three-dimensional electromagnetic imaging of dielectric targets by means of the multiscaling inexact-Newton method. , 2017, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[13]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Advanced multi-frequency GPR data processing for non-linear deterministic imaging , 2017, Signal Process..

[14]  Gaetano Marrocco,et al.  Radio-Frequency-Identification-Based Intelligent Packaging: Electromagnetic Classification of Tropical Fruit Ripening , 2020, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[15]  Andrea Massa,et al.  GPR Prospecting Through an Inverse-Scattering Frequency-Hopping Multifocusing Approach , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[16]  Xudong Chen,et al.  An FFT Twofold Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Solving Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[17]  M. Pastorino.  Stochastic Optimization Methods Applied to Microwave Imaging: A Review , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[18]  Matteo Pastorino,et al.  A crack identification microwave procedure based on a genetic algorithm for nondestructive testing , 2001 .

[19]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Multiscale System-by-Design Synthesis of Printed WAIMs for Waveguide Array Enhancement , 2017, IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques.

[20]  P. M. Berg,et al.  Imaging of biomedical data using a multiplicative regularized contrast source inversion method , 2002 .

[21]  A. Massa,et al.  A new methodology based on an iterative multiscaling for microwave imaging , 2003 .

[22]  D. Lesselier,et al.  A Fast Integral Equation-Based Method for Solving Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problems With Inhomogeneous Background , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[23]  Joe LoVetri,et al.  Innovations in Electromagnetic Imaging Technology: The Stored-Grain-Monitoring Case , 2020, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[24]  Paolo Rocca,et al.  Three-Dimensional Microwave Imaging Problems Solved Through an Efficient Multiscaling Particle Swarm Optimization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[25]  Andrea Massa,et al.  System-by-Design Multiscale Synthesis of Task-Oriented Reflectarrays , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[26]  Marco Salucci,et al.  On the Design of Complex EM Devices and Systems Through the System-by-Design Paradigm: A Framework for Dealing With the Computational Complexity , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[27]  Reza Zoughi,et al.  Millimeter Wave Reflectometry and Imaging for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Skin Burn Injuries , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[28]  Iftekhar A. Karimi,et al.  Design of computer experiments: A review , 2017, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[29]  D. Lesselier,et al.  A New Integral Equation Method to Solve Highly Nonlinear Inverse Scattering Problems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[30]  Reza Zoughi,et al.  Fast 3-D Qualitative Method for Through-Wall Imaging and Structural Health Monitoring , 2015, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[31]  Sotirios K Goudos,et al.  Emerging Evolutionary Algorithms for Antennas and Wireless Communications , 2022 .

[32]  M. Salucci,et al.  DNNs as Applied to Electromagnetics, Antennas, and Propagation—A Review , 2019, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[33]  Siyuan Chen,et al.  Inverse scattering of two-dimensional dielectric objects buried in a lossy earth using the distorted Born iterative method , 2001, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[34]  Fan Yang,et al.  Study on Joint Inversion Algorithm of Acoustic and Electromagnetic Data in Biomedical Imaging , 2019, IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques.

[35]  Andy J. Keane,et al.  Engineering Design via Surrogate Modelling - A Practical Guide , 2008 .

[36]  Takashi Takenaka,et al.  Conjugate gradient method applied to inverse scattering problem , 1995 .

[37]  Paolo Rocca,et al.  Learning-by-examples techniques as applied to electromagnetics , 2018 .

[38]  P. Rocca,et al.  Evolutionary optimization as applied to inverse scattering problems , 2009 .

[39]  P. Rocca,et al.  Differential Evolution as Applied to Electromagnetics , 2011, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[40]  Wenji Zhang,et al.  Multifrequency Imaging From Intensity-Only Data Using the Phaseless Data Distorted Rytov Iterative Method , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[41]  P. M. Berg,et al.  A contrast source inversion method , 1997 .

[42]  J. LoVetri,et al.  Microwave Biomedical Imaging Using the Multiplicative Regularized Gauss--Newton Inversion , 2009, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[43]  Dominique Lesselier,et al.  Fast Full-Wave Analysis of Damaged Periodic Fiber-Reinforced Laminates , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[44]  J. A. Tobon Vasquez,et al.  Noninvasive Inline Food Inspection via Microwave Imaging Technology: An Application Example in the Food Industry , 2020, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[45]  Xudong Chen,et al.  An Improved Deep Learning Scheme for Solving 2-D and 3-D Inverse Scattering Problems , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[46]  Donald R. Jones,et al.  Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions , 1998, J. Glob. Optim..

[47]  Lianlin Li,et al.  DeepNIS: Deep Neural Network for Nonlinear Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[48]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Fast design of multiband fractal antennas through a system-by-design approach for NB-IoT applications , 2019, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[49]  A. Abubakar,et al.  Multiplicative regularization for contrast profile inversion , 2003 .

[50]  Andrea Massa,et al.  System-by-design method for efficient linear array miniaturisation through low-complexity isotropic lenses , 2019 .