A Novel Graph-TCN with a Graph Structured Representation for Micro-expression Recognition

Facial micro-expressions (MEs) recognition has attracted much attention recently. However, because MEs are spontaneous, subtle and transient, recognizing MEs is a challenge task. In this paper, first, we use transfer learning to apply learning-based video motion magnification to magnify MEs and extract the shape information, aiming to solve the problem of the low muscle movement intensity of MEs. Then, we design a novel graph-temporal convolutional network (Graph-TCN) to extract the features of the local muscle movements of MEs. First, we define a graph structure based on the facial landmarks. Second, the Graph-TCN deals with the graph structure in dual channels with a TCN block. One channel is for node feature extraction, and the other one is for edge feature extraction. Last, the edges and nodes are fused for classification. The Graph-TCN can automatically train the graph representation to distinguish MEs while not using a hand-crafted graph representation. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to use the learning-based video motion magnification method to extract the features of shape representations from the intermediate layer while magnifying MEs. Furthermore, we are also the first to use deep learning to automatically train the graph representation for MEs.

[1]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  A Main Directional Mean Optical Flow Feature for Spontaneous Micro-Expression Recognition , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[2]  KokSheik Wong,et al.  Micro-expression recognition using apex frame with phase information , 2017, 2017 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC).

[3]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling , 2014, ArXiv.

[4]  KokSheik Wong,et al.  Automatic Micro-expression Recognition from Long Video Using a Single Spotted Apex , 2016, ACCV Workshops.

[5]  Aurobinda Routray,et al.  Fuzzy Histogram of Optical Flow Orientations for Micro-Expression Recognition , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[6]  John See,et al.  LBP with Six Intersection Points: Reducing Redundant Information in LBP-TOP for Micro-expression Recognition , 2014, ACCV.

[7]  Min Xu,et al.  Image Based Facial Micro-Expression Recognition Using Deep Learning on Small Datasets , 2017, 2017 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA).

[8]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  A Boost in Revealing Subtle Facial Expressions: A Consolidated Eulerian Framework , 2019, 2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019).

[9]  KokSheik Wong,et al.  Less is More: Micro-expression Recognition from Video using Apex Frame , 2016, Signal Process. Image Commun..

[10]  Min Peng,et al.  A Novel Apex-Time Network for Cross-Dataset Micro-Expression Recognition , 2019, 2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII).

[11]  Subrahmanyam Murala,et al.  LEARNet: Dynamic Imaging Network for Micro Expression Recognition , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[12]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  Can Micro-Expression be Recognized Based on Single Apex Frame? , 2018, 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP).

[13]  Shigang Li,et al.  A Graph-Structured Representation with BRNN for Static-based Facial Expression Recognition , 2019, 2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019).

[14]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks , 2012, Commun. ACM.

[15]  Vladlen Koltun,et al.  An Empirical Evaluation of Generic Convolutional and Recurrent Networks for Sequence Modeling , 2018, ArXiv.

[16]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  CASME II: An Improved Spontaneous Micro-Expression Database and the Baseline Evaluation , 2014, PloS one.

[17]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  Learning From Hierarchical Spatiotemporal Descriptors for Micro-Expression Recognition , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[18]  Matthew J. Hausknecht,et al.  Beyond short snippets: Deep networks for video classification , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[19]  Frédo Durand,et al.  Learning-based Video Motion Magnification , 2018, ECCV.

[20]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Facial Micro-Expression Recognition Using Spatiotemporal Local Binary Pattern with Integral Projection , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW).

[21]  Stefanos Zafeiriou,et al.  Robust Discriminative Response Map Fitting with Constrained Local Models , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[22]  John See,et al.  Micro-Expression Motion Magnification: Global Lagrangian vs. Local Eulerian Approaches , 2018, 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018).

[23]  Yong-Jin Liu,et al.  Sparse MDMO: Learning a Discriminative Feature for Micro-Expression Recognition , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[24]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Discriminative Spatiotemporal Local Binary Pattern with Revisited Integral Projection for Spontaneous Facial Micro-Expression Recognition , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[25]  Huai-Qian Khor,et al.  Dual-stream Shallow Networks for Facial Micro-expression Recognition , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP).

[26]  Yong Man Ro,et al.  Micro-Expression Recognition with Expression-State Constrained Spatio-Temporal Feature Representations , 2016, ACM Multimedia.

[27]  Frédo Durand,et al.  Eulerian video magnification for revealing subtle changes in the world , 2012, ACM Trans. Graph..

[28]  Nicholas Costen,et al.  SAMM: A Spontaneous Micro-Facial Movement Dataset , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[29]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Recognising spontaneous facial micro-expressions , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision.

[30]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Towards Reading Hidden Emotions: A Comparative Study of Spontaneous Micro-Expression Spotting and Recognition Methods , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[31]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  Spontaneous micro-expression spotting via geometric deformation modeling , 2016, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[32]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  Micro-Expression Recognition Using Color Spaces , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[33]  Guoying Zhao,et al.  Spatiotemporal Recurrent Convolutional Networks for Recognizing Spontaneous Micro-Expressions , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[34]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Dynamic Texture Recognition Using Local Binary Patterns with an Application to Facial Expressions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[35]  Jian Sun,et al.  Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[36]  Min Peng,et al.  From Macro to Micro Expression Recognition: Deep Learning on Small Datasets Using Transfer Learning , 2018, 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018).