Osseointegration of anodized titanium implants under different current voltages: a rabbit study.

The oxide layer that covers a titanium surface is extremely stable and appears to have excellent biocompatibility, which can result in successful osseointegration. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of an oxide layer formed by anodic oxidation (anodization), and to evaluate the extent of bone healing around the anodized implant. The screw-type implants were made of commercially pure titanium (Grade 2). The Group 1 samples had a turned surface, and three other types of experimental specimens were anodized under constant voltages of 190 V (Group 2), 230 V (Group 3) and 270 V (Group 4). The surface characteristics of each sample type were inspected. Removal torque was measured after a 4-week healing period and the histomorphometric analysis was performed 6 weeks after implantation in rabbit tibiae. There was an increase in both the size and number of pores as the anodizing voltage increased. The Ra value of the Group 4 samples was higher than those in the Group 1 and 2 samples (P < 0.05). Group 3 showed a difference compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05). A thicker oxide layer, which contained crystalline (anatase) TiO(2) with the inclusion of some electrolytes (Ca, P), was formed at the higher anodizing voltage. Group 4 had higher removal torque values and percentages of bone-to-implant contact than the other groups (P < 0.05). The anodized titanium implants showed more intimate and stronger connections with peri-implant bone during early osseointegration than the turned titanium implants in this experimental model.

[1]  S. Heo,et al.  Biological responses of anodized titanium implants under different current voltages. , 2006, Journal of oral rehabilitation.

[2]  T. Albrektsson,et al.  Optimum surface properties of oxidized implants for reinforcement of osseointegration: surface chemistry, oxide thickness, porosity, roughness, and crystal structure. , 2005, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[3]  Y. Sul,et al.  The significance of the surface properties of oxidized titanium to the bone response: special emphasis on potential biochemical bonding of oxidized titanium implant. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[4]  Xiaolong Zhu,et al.  In vivo histological response to anodized and anodized/hydrothermally treated titanium implants. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[5]  A. Wennerberg,et al.  A histomorphometric analysis of the effects of various surface treatment methods on osseointegration. , 2003, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[6]  H. Chun,et al.  Evaluation of design parameters of osseointegrated dental implants using finite element analysis. , 2002, Journal of oral rehabilitation.

[7]  Ann Wennerberg,et al.  Resonance frequency and removal torque analysis of implants with turned and anodized surface oxides. , 2002, Clinical oral implants research.

[8]  T. Albrektsson,et al.  Qualitative and quantitative observations of bone tissue reactions to anodised implants. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[9]  Y. Oshida,et al.  Surface characterizations of variously treated titanium materials. , 2001, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[10]  D. Cochran,et al.  The scientific basis for and clinical experiences with Straumann implants including the ITI Dental Implant System: a consensus report. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[11]  A. Matthews,et al.  Plasma electrolysis for surface engineering , 1999 .

[12]  M. Textor,et al.  Characterization of anodic spark-converted titanium surfaces for biomedical applications , 1999, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[13]  A Wennerberg,et al.  Attachment and proliferation of human oral fibroblasts to titanium surfaces blasted with TiO2 particles. A scanning electron microscopic and histomorphometric analysis. , 1998, Clinical oral implants research.

[14]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Bone response to surface-modified titanium implants: studies on the early tissue response to machined and electropolished implants with different oxide thicknesses. , 1996, Biomaterials.

[15]  L. Skovgaard,et al.  Anchorage of TiO2-blasted, HA-coated, and machined implants: an experimental study with rabbits. , 1995, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[16]  H. Ishizawa,et al.  Characterization of thin hydroxyapatite layers formed on anodic titanium oxide films containing Ca and P by hydrothermal treatment. , 1995, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[17]  Ann Wennerberg,et al.  A histomorghometric study of screw‐shaped and removal torque titanium implants with three different surface topographies , 1995 .

[18]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Bone response to surface modified titanium implants: studies on electropolished implants with different oxide thicknesses and morphology. , 1994, Biomaterials.

[19]  J C Keller,et al.  Optimization of surface micromorphology for enhanced osteoblast responses in vitro. , 1993, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[20]  J. M. ten Cate,et al.  Induction of Calcium Phosphate Precipitation by Titanium Dioxide , 1991, Journal of dental research.

[21]  D Buser,et al.  Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. , 1991, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[22]  H. Plenk,et al.  The electrochemical behavior of metallic implant materials as an indicator of their biocompatibility. , 1987, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[23]  S. Pollack,et al.  In vitro corrosion testing of titanium surgical implant alloys: an approach to understanding titanium release from implants. , 1979, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[24]  T. Albrektsson,et al.  Characteristics of the surface oxides on turned and electrochemically oxidized pure titanium implants up to dielectric breakdown: the oxide thickness, micropore configurations, surface roughness, crystal structure and chemical composition. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[25]  I Lundström,et al.  Physico-chemical considerations of titanium as a biomaterial. , 1992, Clinical materials.

[26]  D. Brunette,et al.  The effects of implant surface topography on the behavior of cells. , 1988, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[27]  T Albrektsson,et al.  Integration of screw implants in the rabbit: a 1-year follow-up of removal torque of titanium implants. , 1987, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.