Giant Clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae: Tridacninae): A Comprehensive Update of Species and their Distribution, Current Threats and Conservation Status

1St. John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, c/o Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore 2The Pacific Community (SPC), BPD5, 98800 Noumea, New Caledonia 3Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, AERL, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada 4Aquasearch, 6–10 Elena Street, Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Queensland 4819, Australia 5Indo-Pacific Sea Farms, P.O. Box 1206, Kailua-Kona, HI 96745, Hawaii, USA 6UMR ENTROPIE Institut de Recherche pour le développement, Université de La Réunion, CNRS; Centre IRD de Noumea, BPA5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia 7UMR ENTROPIE Institut de Recherche pour le développement, Université de La Réunion, CNRS; Centre IRD de Tahiti, BP529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia 8Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, P. Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 9School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia 10Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Velasquez Street, Quezon City 1101, Philippines 11Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore *Corresponding authors: Mei Lin Neo e-mail: tmsnml@nus.edu.sg Peter A. Todd e-mail: dbspat@nus.edu.sg

[1]  L. Panggabean,et al.  Abundance of Giant Clam in Coral Reef Ecosystem at Pari Island: a Population Comparison of 2003's to 1984's Data , 2019, Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati.

[2]  M. L. Neo,et al.  First observations of Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) (Bivalvia: Heterodonta: Cardiidae) in Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) , 2018, Marine Biodiversity.

[3]  C. Fauvelot,et al.  First record of the Devil Clam, Tridacna mbalavuana Ladd 1934, in New Caledonia , 2017, Marine Biodiversity.

[4]  P. Southgate,et al.  Ingestion and digestion of micro-algae concentrates by veliger larvae of the giant clam, Tridacna noae , 2017 .

[5]  C. Conaco,et al.  Bringing back the giants: juvenile Tridacna gigas from natural spawning of restocked giant clams , 2017, Coral Reefs.

[6]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Growth, Survival and Reproduction of the Giant Clam Tridacna maxima (Röding 1798, Bivalvia) in Two Contrasting Lagoons in French Polynesia , 2017, PloS one.

[7]  P. Southgate,et al.  Embryonic and Larval Development of the Giant Clam Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) , 2016, Journal of Shellfish Research.

[8]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Drivers of density for the exploited giant clam Tridacna maxima: a meta‐analysis , 2016 .

[9]  Mark John Costello,et al.  Bimodality of Latitudinal Gradients in Marine Species Richness. , 2016, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[10]  J. Prince,et al.  Is Tridacna maxima (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia? , 2016 .

[11]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Identifying Robust Proxies of Gonad Maturation for the Protandrous Hermaphrodite Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798, Bivalvia) from Individual to Population Scale , 2016, Journal of Shellfish Research.

[12]  L. Kirkendale,et al.  Putting the ‘Indo’ back into the Indo-Pacific: resolving marine phylogeographic gaps , 2016, Invertebrate Systematics.

[13]  C. Larson.  MARINE CONSERVATION. Shell trade pushes giant clams to the brink. , 2016, Science.

[14]  D. Jablonski,et al.  Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography amid shifting continents in the cockles and giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). , 2015, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[15]  Simon Van Wynsberge,et al.  Conservation and resource management in small tropical islands: Trade-offs between planning unit size, data redundancy and data loss , 2015 .

[16]  P. Southgate,et al.  Population Demographics of Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea , 2015 .

[17]  P. Erftemeijer,et al.  Larval ecology of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, and its potential effects on dispersal models , 2015 .

[18]  David L. Smith,et al.  Setting evolutionary‐based conservation priorities for a phylogenetically data‐poor taxonomic group (Scleractinia) , 2015 .

[19]  S. Watson.  Giant Clams and Rising CO2: Light May Ameliorate Effects of Ocean Acidification on a Solar-Powered Animal , 2015, PloS one.

[20]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Distribution of Noah’s giant clam, Tridacna noae , 2015, Marine Biodiversity.

[21]  R. Ravinesh,et al.  On the molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep included in various schedules of Wildlife (Protection) Act of India , 2015 .

[22]  E. Gomez.  Rehabilitation of Biological Resources: Coral Reefs and Giant Clam Populations Need to Be Enhanced for a Sustainable Marginal Sea in the Western Pacific , 2015 .

[23]  Honorio B. Pagliawan,et al.  Marine resource assessment for sustainable management of Apulit Island, West Sulu Sea, Palawan, Philippines , 2014 .

[24]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Significance of new records of Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819, in the Tuamotu and Gambier Archipelagos (French Polynesia) , 2014 .

[25]  P. Todd,et al.  The behaviour of giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae: Tridacninae) , 2014, Marine biology.

[26]  B. Kendall,et al.  Fishery management priorities vary with self‐recruitment in sedentary marine populations. , 2014, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[27]  M. S. Mekawy.  Environmental factors controlling the distribution patterns and abundance of sclerobionts on the shells of Tridacna maxima from the Egyptian Red Sea coast , 2014, Arabian Journal of Geosciences.

[28]  R. Willan,et al.  Description of a new species of giant clam (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia , 2014 .

[29]  P. Todd,et al.  Giant clam shells host a multitude of epibionts , 2014 .

[30]  F. Thomas.  Shellfish Gathering and Conservation on Low Coral Islands: Kiribati Perspectives , 2014 .

[31]  J. Lucas.  Giant clams , 2014, Current Biology.

[32]  P. Dumas,et al.  Evidence of early chemotaxis contributing to active habitat selection by the sessile giant clam Tridacna maxima , 2014 .

[33]  M. Hudson,et al.  Abundance and diversity of marine flora and fauna of protected and unprotected reefs of the Koh Rong Archipelago, Cambodia , 2013 .

[34]  Cynthia Riginos,et al.  A Novel Widespread Cryptic Species and Phylogeographic Patterns within Several Giant Clam Species (Cardiidae: Tridacna) from the Indo-Pacific Ocean , 2013, PloS one.

[35]  C. Tourrand,et al.  Status of Coral Reef Communities on Two Carbonate Platforms (Tun Sakaran Marine Park, East Sabah, Malaysia) , 2013 .

[36]  Y. Latypov,et al.  Some data on spatio-temporal stability and variability of coral reefs in Khanh Hoa province (Vietnam) , 2013 .

[37]  Judith Ullmann.  Population status of giant clams (Mollusca: Tridacnidae) in the northern Red Sea, Egypt , 2013 .

[38]  J. Pandolfi,et al.  Historical Patterns of Resource Exploitation and the Status of Papua New Guinea Coral Reefs1 , 2013 .

[39]  E. Goetze,et al.  High evolutionary potential of marine zooplankton , 2013, Ecology and evolution.

[40]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Best Management Strategies for Sustainable Giant Clam Fishery in French Polynesia Islands: Answers from a Spatial Modeling Approach , 2013, PloS one.

[41]  E. Sala,et al.  Benthic communities at two remote Pacific coral reefs: effects of reef habitat, depth, and wave energy gradients on spatial patterns , 2013, PeerJ.

[42]  Kamran Safi,et al.  Global Patterns of Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered Amphibians and Mammals , 2013, PloS one.

[43]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Climate variability and massive mortalities challenge giant clam conservation and management efforts in French Polynesia atolls , 2013 .

[44]  Mark John Costello,et al.  A methodology for recruiting a giant clam, Tridacna maxima, directly to natural substrata: A first step in reversing functional extinctions? , 2013 .

[45]  K. Roy,et al.  Anthropogenic extinction threats and future loss of evolutionary history in reef corals , 2013, Ecology and evolution.

[46]  L. Wantiez,et al.  Small-Scale Habitat Structure Modulates the Effects of No-Take Marine Reserves for Coral Reef Macroinvertebrates , 2013, PloS one.

[47]  P. Erftemeijer,et al.  Recruitment constraints in Singapore's fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) population—A dispersal model approach , 2013, PloS one.

[48]  C. Junchompoo,et al.  Changing seawater temperature effects on giant clams bleaching, Mannai Island, Rayong province, Thailand , 2013 .

[49]  Terry P. Dawson,et al.  Coral Reefs of the Pitcairn Islands , 2013 .

[50]  Chih-Wei Huang,et al.  Molluscan fauna of Gueishan Island, Taiwan , 2013, ZooKeys.

[51]  Y. Y. Latypov.  Barrier and Platform Reefs of the Vietnamese Coast of the South China Sea , 2013 .

[52]  J. Y. Liu,et al.  Status of Marine Biodiversity of the China Seas , 2013, PloS one.

[53]  H. Madkour,et al.  Studies on the Indo-Pacific Tridacnidae (Tridacna maxima) from the Northern Red Sea, Egypt , 2012 .

[54]  P. Southgate,et al.  Ocean acidification and warming reduce juvenile survival of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa , 2012 .

[55]  K. Safi,et al.  Phylogenetically-Informed Priorities for Amphibian Conservation , 2012, PloS one.

[56]  D. Lemos,et al.  Early development, survival and growth rates of the giant clam Tridacna crocea (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) , 2012 .

[57]  Y. Latypov,et al.  The composition and structure of a protected coral reef in Cam Ranh Bay in the South China Sea , 2012, Russian Journal of Marine Biology.

[58]  Danwei Huang.  Threatened Reef Corals of the World , 2012, PloS one.

[59]  Y. Latypov,et al.  Changes of Reef Community near Ku Lao Cham Islands (South China Sea) after Sangshen Typhoon , 2012 .

[60]  P. Todd,et al.  Population density and genetic structure of the giant clams Tridacna crocea and T. squamosa on Singapore’s reefs , 2012 .

[61]  R. Hartati,et al.  Abundance of Tridacna (Family Tridacnidae) at Seribu Islands and Manado Waters, Indonesia , 2012 .

[62]  Ambariyanto,et al.  Patterns of Symbiodinium distribution in three giant clam species across the biodiverse Bird’s Head region of Indonesia , 2012 .

[63]  J. Prince,et al.  Evidence of large, local variations in recruitment and mortality in the small giant clam, Tridacna maxima, at Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia , 2011 .

[64]  Y. Latypov,et al.  The size and age structure of Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819 (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in the coastal area of islands of the Cön Dao Archipelago in the South China Sea , 2011, Russian Journal of Marine Biology.

[65]  C. Wilkinson,et al.  Status of Coral Reefs of the Pacific and Outlook: 2011 , 2011 .

[66]  Mohamedou Sow,et al.  In situ giant clam growth rate behavior in relation to temperature: A one‐year coupled study of high‐frequency noninvasive valvometry and sclerochronology , 2011 .

[67]  Y. Latypov,et al.  Current status of coral reefs of islands in the Gulf of Siam and Southern Vietnam , 2011, Russian Journal of Marine Biology.

[68]  S. S. Mingoa-licuanan,et al.  Feeding aggregation of Spratelloides delicatulus on giant clams’ gametes , 2011, Coral Reefs.

[69]  P. Todd,et al.  Predator-induced changes in fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) shell morphology , 2011 .

[70]  D. Apte,et al.  Ecological determinants and stochastic fluctuations of Tridacna maxima survival rate in Lakshadweep Archipelago , 2010 .

[71]  D. Apte,et al.  Monitoring densities of the giant clam Tridacna maxima in the Lakshadweep Archipelago , 2010 .

[72]  U. Hernawan.  STUDY ON GIANT CLAMS (CARDIIDAE) POPULATION IN KEI KECIL WATERS, SOUTHEAST-MALUKU , 2010 .

[73]  L. Strotz,et al.  The Highest Southern Latitude Record of A Living Tridacna gigas , 2010 .

[74]  J. Ragle,et al.  IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , 2010 .

[75]  M. Brilli,et al.  The raised coral reef complex of the Kenyan coast: Tridacna gigas U-series dates and geological implications , 2010 .

[76]  M. Huber.  Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the World’s Marine Bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research , 2010 .

[77]  J. Caselle,et al.  The Lagoon at Caroline/Millennium Atoll, Republic of Kiribati: Natural History of a Nearly Pristine Ecosystem , 2010, PloS one.

[78]  R. Thaman,et al.  Marine biodiversity and ethnobiodiversity of Bellona (Mungiki) Island, Solomon Islands , 2010 .

[79]  M. Nadon,et al.  The Status of Coral Reefs in the Remote Region of Andavadoaka, Southwest Madagascar , 2009 .

[80]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  A comparison of two surveys of invertebrates at Pacific Ocean islands: the giant clam at Raivavae Island, Australes Archipelago, French Polynesia , 2009 .

[81]  G. Cabioch,et al.  The tropical giant clam Hippopus hippopus shell, a new archive of environmental conditions as revealed by sclerochronological and δ18O profiles , 2009, Coral Reefs.

[82]  C. W. Andrews,et al.  On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). , 2009 .

[83]  B. Morton.  The diurnal rhythm and the processes of feeding and digestion in Tridacna crocea (BivaMa: Tridacnidae) , 2009 .

[84]  L. Chou,et al.  Polymorphism and crypsis in the boring giant clam (Tridacna crocea): potential strategies against visual predators , 2009, Hydrobiologia.

[85]  D. Barnes,et al.  Traditional coastal invertebrate fisheries in south-western Madagascar , 2009, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[86]  L. Chou,et al.  Can artificial substrates enriched with crustose coralline algae enhance larval settlement and recruitment in the fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa)? , 2009, Hydrobiologia.

[87]  Kimberly A. Selkoe,et al.  Seascape genetics and the spatial ecology of marine populations , 2008 .

[88]  Daniel P Faith,et al.  Threatened Species and the Potential Loss of Phylogenetic Diversity: Conservation Scenarios Based on Estimated Extinction Probabilities and Phylogenetic Risk Analysis , 2008, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[89]  Daniel P. Faith,et al.  Converting Endangered Species Categories to Probabilities of Extinction for Phylogenetic Conservation Prioritization , 2008, PloS one.

[90]  P. Barber,et al.  Phylogeography and Limited Genetic Connectivity in the Endangered Boring Giant Clam across the Coral Triangle , 2008, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[91]  C. Jantzen,et al.  Collapse of a New Living Species of Giant Clam in the Red Sea , 2008, Current Biology.

[92]  M. Kochzius,et al.  Strong genetic population structure in the boring giant clam, Tridacna crocea, across the Indo‐Malay Archipelago: implications related to evolutionary processes and connectivity , 2008, Molecular ecology.

[93]  R. Evans,et al.  Status of coral reefs in Australia and Papua New Guinea , 2008 .

[94]  C. Wild,et al.  Photosynthetic performance of giant clams, Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa, Red Sea , 2008 .

[95]  P. Todd,et al.  Can giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) populations be restored on Singapore's heavily impacted coral reefs? , 2008 .

[96]  C. Chambers.  Pasua and the politics of environmental management, Tongareva, Cook Islands , 2008 .

[97]  E. Gomez,et al.  Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs , 2008 .

[98]  Nancy Knowlton,et al.  Baselines and Degradation of Coral Reefs in the Northern Line Islands , 2008, PloS one.

[99]  Une évaluation Rapide de la Biodiversité Marine des Récifs Coralliens du Mont Panié, Province Nord, Nouvelle Calédonie , 2008 .

[100]  M. Reuter,et al.  TRACING BACK THE ORIGIN OF THE INDO‐PACIFIC MOLLUSC FAUNA: BASAL TRIDACNINAE FROM THE OLIGOCENE AND MIOCENE OF THE SULTANATE OF OMAN , 2008 .

[101]  D. Blohm,et al.  Molecular Phylogeny of Giant Clams Based on Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome C Oxidase I Gene , 2007 .

[102]  E. Gomez,et al.  The significance of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa at Tubuai, Austral Islands, French Polynesia , 2007, Coral Reefs.

[103]  Louis W. Botsford,et al.  Population Connectivity and Spatial Management of Marine Fisheries , 2007 .

[104]  M. Pfenninger,et al.  Cryptic animal species are homogeneously distributed among taxa and biogeographical regions , 2007, BMC Evolutionary Biology.

[105]  Danwei Huang,et al.  Movement and aggregation in the fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa L.) , 2007 .

[106]  M. Zuschin,et al.  The distribution of molluscan assemblages and their postmortem fate on coral reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba (northern Red Sea) , 2007 .

[107]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  First observation of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa in French Polynesia: a species range extension , 2007, Coral Reefs.

[108]  N. Isaac,et al.  Mammals on the EDGE: Conservation Priorities Based on Threat and Phylogeny , 2007, PloS one.

[109]  Roger G. Dolorosa,et al.  Focal Benthic Mollusks (Mollusca: Bivalvia and Gastropoda) of Selected Sites in Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Palawan, Philippines , 2007 .

[110]  David W Redding,et al.  Incorporating Evolutionary Measures into Conservation Prioritization , 2006, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[111]  Y. Latypov.  Changes in the composition and structure of coral communities of Mju and Moon islands, Nha Trang Bay, South China Sea , 2006, Russian Journal of Marine Biology.

[112]  E. Gomez,et al.  Achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in the Philippines , 2006 .

[113]  Michael Hoffmann,et al.  The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. , 2006, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[114]  F. Al-Horani,et al.  The status of coral reefs on the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea , 2006 .

[115]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Extraordinarily high giant clam density under protection in Tatakoto atoll (Eastern Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia) , 2005, Coral reefs.

[116]  Zhong Qi.  Seashells of China , 2004 .

[117]  S. Gössling,et al.  Use of molluscs, fish, and other marine taxa by tourism in Zanzibar, Tanzania , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[118]  I. Killeen,et al.  Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues , 2004 .

[119]  B. H. Buck,et al.  The Impact of Bleaching on the Metabolic Contribution of Dinoflagellate Symbionts to their Giant Clam Host , 2003 .

[120]  C. Baldwin.  FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES. THE LIVING MARINE RESOURCES OF THE WESTERN CENTRAL PACIFIC , 2003, Copeia.

[121]  B. Buck,et al.  Effect of increased irradiance and thermal stress on the symbiosis of Symbiodinium microadriaticum and Tridacna gigas , 2002 .

[122]  Y. Latypov.  Communities of Coral Reefs of Central Vietnam , 2001, Russian Journal of Marine Biology.

[123]  M. Tedengren,et al.  Responses to temperature, heavy metal and sediment stress by the giant clam Tridacna squamosa , 2001 .

[124]  F. Thomas.  Mollusk Habitats and Fisheries in Kiribati: An Assessment from the Gilbert Islands , 2001 .

[125]  A. Bruce.  Biological Observations on the Commensal Shrimp Paranchistus armatus (H. Milne Edwards) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pontoniinae) , 2000, The Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory.

[126]  B. Morton.  The biology and functional morphology of Fragum erugatum (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) from Shark Bay, Western Australia: the significance of its relationship with entrained zooxanthellae , 2000 .

[127]  K. Frank,et al.  Allee effects and compensatory population dynamics within a stock complex , 2000 .

[128]  D. Foighil,et al.  Phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) based on partial mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences. , 1999, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[129]  William J. Sutherland,et al.  What Is the Allee Effect , 1999 .

[130]  A. Green,et al.  Population size and structure of giant clams at Rose Atoll, an important refuge in the Samoan Archipelago , 1999, Coral Reefs.

[131]  J. Benzie,et al.  Phylogenetic relationships among giant clam species (Mollusca: Tridacnidae) determined by protein electrophoresis , 1998 .

[132]  M. Ishikura,et al.  Molecular phylogeny of zooxanthellate bivalves. , 1998, The Biological bulletin.

[133]  J. Bell,et al.  Growth and survival of the giant clams, Tridacna derasa, T. maxima and T. crocea, at village farms in the Solomon Islands , 1998 .

[134]  M. Zuschin,et al.  Bivalve distribution on coral carpets in the Northern Bay of Safaga (Red Sea, Egypt) and its relation to environmental parameters , 1997 .

[135]  G. Heslinga,et al.  Fecal discharge of zooxanthellae in the giant clam Tridacna derasa, with reference to their in situ growth rate , 1997 .

[136]  J. Bell,et al.  Village-based farming of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas (L.), for the aquarium market: initial trials in Solomon Islands , 1997 .

[137]  N. Collar.  The reasons for Red Data Books , 1996, Oryx.

[138]  J. Benzie,et al.  Limitations in the genetic variation of hatchery produced batches of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas , 1996 .

[139]  R. Braley,et al.  The Case History of a Large Natural Cohort of the Giant Clam Tridacna gigas (Fam. Tridacnidae) and the Implications for Re-stocking Depauperate Reefs with Maricultured Giant Clams , 1995, Asian Fisheries Science.

[140]  D. Yellowlees,et al.  Atrophy of the Zooxanthellal Tubular System in Bleached Giant Clams Tridacna gigas , 1995 .

[141]  H. Calumpong,et al.  Observations on the distribution of giant clams in protected areas , 1993 .

[142]  B. Morton,et al.  A Catalogue of the Living Marine Bivalve Molluscs of China , 1993 .

[143]  C. Sease,et al.  Some Previously Unpublished Engraved Tridacna Shells , 1993, Journal of Near Eastern Studies.

[144]  H. Calumpong.  The Giant Clam: an Ocean Culture Manual , 1992 .

[145]  W. Fitt,et al.  The Zooxanthellal Tubular System in the Giant Clam. , 1992, The Biological bulletin.

[146]  J. Benzie,et al.  Genetic structure of giant clam (Tridacna maxima) populations from reefs in the Western Coral Sea , 1992, Coral Reefs.

[147]  J. Benzie,et al.  No genetic differentiation of giant clam (Tridacna gigas) populations in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia , 1992 .

[148]  Ma. Josefa R. Pante,et al.  Genetic structure of giant clam (Tridacna derasa) populations from reefs in the Indo-Pacific , 1992 .

[149]  N. Pollock.  Giant Clams in Wallis: Prospects for Development , 1992 .

[150]  E. Gomez,et al.  STATUS OF GIANT CLAM RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES , 1989 .

[151]  C. Villanoy,et al.  Fishing mortality rates of giant clams (Family Tridacnidae) from the Sulu Archipelago and Southern Palawan, Philippines , 1988, Coral Reefs.

[152]  D. S. Reese.  A New Engraved Tridacna Shell from Kish , 1988, Journal of Near Eastern Studies.

[153]  J. Lucas,et al.  The Mariculture of Giant Clams , 1987 .

[154]  A. Alcala,et al.  Serotonin-induced spawning and larval rearing of the China clam, Hippopus porcellanus Rosewater (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) , 1987 .

[155]  W. Fitt,et al.  The Domestication of Reef-dwelling Clams , 1987 .

[156]  F. Perron,et al.  The gastropod Cymatium muricinum, a predator on juvenile tridacnid clams , 1985 .

[157]  R. Braley.  Reproduction in the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa in situ on the north-central Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and Papua New Guinea , 1984, Coral Reefs.

[158]  F. Perron,et al.  Mass culture of giant clams (F. tridacnidae) in Palau. , 1984 .

[159]  D. Reid,et al.  The abundance and trophic classification of molluscs upon coral reefs in the Sudanese Red Sea , 1984 .

[160]  C. Yonge.  Functional morphology and evolution in the Tridacnidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Cardiacea) , 1981 .

[161]  W. Fitt,et al.  SPAWNING, DEVELOPMENT, AND ACQUISITION OF ZOOXANTHELLAE BY TRIDACNA SQUAMOSA (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) , 1981 .

[162]  D. Wethey,et al.  OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYMBIOSIS WITH ZOOXANTHELLAE AMONG THE TRIDACNIDAE (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) , 1981 .

[163]  S. M. Evans,et al.  Conserving Shells in Kenya , 1977, Oryx.

[164]  R. Hughes.  The biota of reef-flats and limestone cliffs near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia , 1977 .

[165]  S. Jameson.  Early Life History of the Giant Clams Tridacna crocea Lamarck, Tridacna maxima (Roding), and Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus) , 1976 .

[166]  B. Baldo,et al.  Quantitative precipitin studies on the specificity of an extract from Tridacna maxima (Röding). , 1975, Carbohydrate research.

[167]  P. V. Fankboner.  INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION OF SYMBIONTIC ZOOXANTHELLAE BY HOST AMOEBOCYTES IN GIANT CLAMS (BIVALVIA: TRIDACNIDAE), WITH A NOTE ON THE NUTRITIONAL ROLE OF THE HYPERTROPHIED SIPHONAL EPIDERMIS , 1971 .

[168]  T. C. Whitmore,et al.  International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources , 1970, Nature.

[169]  J. Hardy,et al.  Ecology of Tridacna in Palau , 1969 .

[170]  John D. Taylor,et al.  Coral Reef and Associated Invertebrate Communities (Mainly Molluscan) Around Mahe, Seychelles , 1968 .

[171]  L. R. Cox.  LAMELLIBRANCHS FROM THE WHITE LIMESTONE OF JAMAICA , 1941 .

[172]  C M Yonge,et al.  MODE OF LIFE, FEEDING, DIGESTION AND SYMBIOSIS WITH ZOOXANTHELLAE IN THE TRIDACNIDAE , 1936 .

[173]  C. Hedley.  The Great Barrier Reef of Queensland , 1926 .

[174]  C. Hedley.  A revision of the Australian Tridacna , 1921 .

[175]  دکتر فرساد ایمانی,et al.  11 , 1900, You Can Cross the Massacre on Foot.

[176]  Todd M. Freeberg.  Philosophie Zoologique , 2019, Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.

[177]  R. Chesher.  GIANT CLAM SANCTUARIES IN THE KINGDOM OF TONGA , 2018 .

[178]  Roger G. Dolorosa,et al.  Bivalves and gastropods of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines , 2015 .

[179]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  On the validity of Noah's giant clam Tridacna noae (Roding, 1798) and its synonymy with Ningaloo giant clam Tridacna ningaloo Penny & Willan, 2014 , 2015 .

[180]  P. Todd,et al.  The ecological significance of giant clams in coral reef ecosystems , 2015 .

[181]  B. Thorne,et al.  Current status of coral reef health around the Koh Rong Archipelago, Cambodia , 2015 .

[182]  U. Tiitii,et al.  Samoa Aquaculture Section team fully involved in giant clam farming , 2015 .

[183]  Roger G. Dolorosa,et al.  Shell Dimension–Live Weight Relationships, Growth and Survival of Hippopus Porcellanus in Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines , 2014 .

[184]  Jui-Hsiang Hung,et al.  Tridacna noae ( Röding , 1798 ) – a valid giant clam species separated from T . maxima ( Röding , 1798 ) by morphological and genetic data , 2014 .

[185]  G. Gonzales,et al.  Protected versus unprotected area with reference to fishes, corals, macro invertebrates, and CPUE in Honda Bay, Palawan , 2014 .

[186]  Mudjekeewis D. Santos,et al.  Updates on the status of giant clams Tridacna spp. and Hippopus hippopus in the Philippines using mitochondrial CO1 and 16S rRNA genes , 2014 .

[187]  P. Todd,et al.  OBSERVATIONS ON THE HYPOSALINITY TOLERANCE OF FLUTED GIANT CLAM (TRIDACNA SQUAMOSA, LAMARCK 1819) LARVAE , 2014 .

[188]  M. Beger,et al.  The application of genetics to marine management and conservation: Examples from the Indo-Pacific , 2014 .

[189]  Kimberly A. Selkoe,et al.  Evolving coral reef conservation with genetic information , 2014 .

[190]  Ambariyanto,et al.  Concordance Between Phylogeographic and Biogeographic Boundaries in the Coral Triangle: Conservation Implications Based on Comparative Analyses of Multiple Giant Clam Species , 2014 .

[191]  P. Todd,et al.  CONSERVATION STATUS REASSESSMENT OF GIANT CLAMS (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA: TRIDACNINAE) IN SINGAPORE , 2013 .

[192]  N. Long,et al.  Degradation trend of coral reefs in the coastal waters of Vietnam , 2013 .

[193]  G. Nimoho,et al.  A baseline survey of coastal villages in Vanuatu , 2013 .

[194]  Jocelyn O. Pattuinan,et al.  Some Economically Important Bivalves and Gastropods found in the Island of Hadji Panglima Tahil, in the province of Sulu, Philippines , 2013 .

[195]  L. Chou,et al.  The effecTs of dieT , TemperaTure and saliniTy on survival of larvae of The fluTed gianT clam , Tridacna squamosa , 2013 .

[196]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Macro-invertebrates communities of Baa Atoll, Republic of Maldives , 2012 .

[197]  H. Calumpong,et al.  Ecology and Genetic structure of Giant Clams around Savu Sea, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia , 2012 .

[198]  F. Magron,et al.  Climate Change Baseline Assessment - Funafuti Atoll - Tuvalu , 2012 .

[199]  P. Todd,et al.  Giant clams (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) in Singapore: history, research and conservation. , 2012 .

[200]  P. Nunn,et al.  Human‐Mediated Prehistoric Marine Extinction in the Tropical Pacific? Understanding the Presence of Hippopus hippopus (Linn. 1758) in Ancient Shell Middens on the Rove Peninsula, Southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji , 2012 .

[201]  P. Todd,et al.  NOCTURNAL MOVEMENT AND POSSIBLE GEOTAXIS IN THE FLUTED GIANT CLAM (TRIDACNA SQUAMOSA) , 2012 .

[202]  Roger G. Dolorosa,et al.  Notes on common macrobenthic reef invertebrates of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines , 2012 .

[203]  L. Chou,et al.  SPAWNING INDUCTION AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE FLUTED GIANT CLAM, TRIDACNA SQUAMOSA (BIVALVIA: TRIDACNIDAE) , 2011 .

[204]  Stephen D. A. Smith.  Growth and population dynamics of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Röding) at its southern limit of distribution in coastal, subtropical eastern Australia , 2011 .

[205]  M. Hourston.  marine resources of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories: the implications of biogeographic isolation for tropical island fisheries , 2010 .

[206]  M. Huber.  Compendium of bivalves , 2010 .

[207]  P. Todd,et al.  THE DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS OF GIANT CLAMS (FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE) - A SHORT REVIEW , 2010 .

[208]  S. Purcell,et al.  Status and management of the sea cucumber fishery of La Grande Terre, New Caledonia , 2009 .

[209]  M. Kronen,et al.  Tuvalu country report : profiles and results from survey work at Funafuti, Nukufetau, Vaitupu and Niutao (October - November 2004 and March - April 2005) , 2008 .

[210]  E. Peterson,et al.  The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Republic of the Marshall Islands , 2008 .

[211]  M. Kronen,et al.  Niue country report : profile and results from in-country survey work (May to June 2005) , 2008 .

[212]  S. Harding,et al.  Coral Reef Monitoring in Marine Reserves of Northern Madagascar , 2008 .

[213]  Charles G. Waters.  Biological Responses of Juvenile Tridacna maxima ( Mollusca : Bivalvia ) to Increased p CO 2 and Ocean Acidification , 2008 .

[214]  Y. Latypov.  Macrobenthos communities on reefs of the An Thoi archipelago of the South China Sea , 2007, Russian Journal of Marine Biology.

[215]  E. Lovell,et al.  Status of coral reefs in the Southwest Pacific , 2007 .

[216]  E. Gomez,et al.  Giant clam hatchery, ocean nursery and stock enhancement , 2007 .

[217]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  The giant clam Tridacna maxima communities of three French Polynesia islands: comparison of their population sizes and structures at early stages of their exploitation , 2006 .

[218]  S. Andréfouët,et al.  Special traits and promises of the giant clam (Tridacna maxima) in French Polynesia , 2006 .

[219]  S. Larrue.  Giant clam fishing on the island of Tubuai, Austral Islands group: between local portrayals, economic necessity and ecological realities , 2006 .

[220]  H. Roa-Quiaoit.  Ecology and culture of giant clams (Tridacnidae) in the Jordanian sector of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea , 2005 .

[221]  Serge Andréfouët,et al.  The remarkable population size of the endangered clam Tridacna maxima assessed in Fangatau Atoll (Eastern Tuamotu, French Polynesia) using in situ and remote sensing data , 2005 .

[222]  Status of the Coral Reefs at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands , 2005 .

[223]  N. Loneragan,et al.  Restocking and stock enhancement of marine invertebrate fisheries. , 2005, Advances in marine biology.

[224]  M. Power,et al.  A Century of Change in Coral Reef Status in Southeast and Central Pacific: Polynesia Mana Node, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Niue, Tokelau, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna , 2004 .

[225]  A. Sheppard,et al.  The molluscan fauna of Chagos (Indian Ocean) and an analysis of its broad distribution patterns , 2004, Coral Reefs.

[226]  K. Tan,et al.  A SMALL COLLECTION OF GASTROPODS AND BIVALVES FROM THE ANAMBAS AND NATUNA ISLANDS, SOUTH CHINA SEA , 2004 .

[227]  W. Hamner.  Intraspecific competition in Tridacna crocea, a burrowing bivalve , 2004, Oecologia.

[228]  W. Hamner,et al.  Distribution, burrowing, and growth rates of the clam Tridacna crocea on interior reef flats , 2004, Oecologia.

[229]  Rhys Richards,et al.  Barava: land title deeds in fossil shell from the western Solomon Islands , 2004 .

[230]  Food Security.  Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) , 2004 .

[231]  H. Dugdale,et al.  Species list and relative abundance of marine molluscs collected on Aride Island beach between March 2001 and February 2002 , 2003 .

[232]  G. Paulay,et al.  Marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) of Guam , 2003 .

[233]  E. Green,et al.  From ocean to aquarium: the global trade in marine ornamental species , 2003 .

[234]  J. Kinch.  Giant clams: Their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea , 2002 .

[235]  P. Craig.  Natural History Guide to American Samoa , 2002 .

[236]  M. Tedengren,et al.  Water temperature influences on physiological behaviour in three species of giant clams (Tridacnidae) , 2002 .

[237]  E. Peterson,et al.  Coral Reef Biodiversity Community-based Assessment and Conservation Planning in the Marshall Islands: Baseline surveys, capacity building and natural protection and management of coral reefs of the atolls of Bikini and Rongelap , 2002 .

[238]  K. Carpenter.  FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes , 2002 .

[239]  K. Kittiwattanawong,et al.  High genetic divergence of Tridacna squamosa living at the west and the east coasts of Thailand , 2001 .

[240]  P. Bouchet,et al.  Atelier biodiversité Lifou 2000 : grottes et récifs coralliens , 2001 .

[241]  H. Calumpong,et al.  Community-based giant clam restocking - hopes for biodiversity conservation , 2000 .

[242]  J. Healy,et al.  Relevance of sperm ultrastructure to the classification of giant clams (Mollusca, Cardioidea, Cardiidae, Tridacninae) , 2000, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[243]  E. Gomez,et al.  On the status of giant clams, relics of Tethys (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Tridacninae) , 2000 .

[244]  Marie Baudry de Vaux,et al.  Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Hocine Khelfaoui, Les ingénieurs dans le système éducatif : l'aventure des instituts technologiques algériens, Paris, Éditions Publisud, (Le développement dans les faits), 2000 , 2000 .

[245]  T. Svåsand,et al.  Restocking of giant clams: progress, problems and potential. , 1999 .

[246]  F. Torre.  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 1999 .

[247]  S. Wells.  Giant clams : status, trade and mariculture, and the role of CITES in management , 1997 .

[248]  J. Lucas.  Giant clams: mariculture for sustainable exploitation , 1997 .

[249]  W. Schneider,et al.  FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes: the living marine resources of Somalia. , 1996 .

[250]  L. Zann,et al.  The inshore resources of Western Samoa: Coastal inventory and fisheries database , 1995 .

[251]  J. Benzie,et al.  Gene flow among giant clam (Tridacna gigas) populations in Pacific does not parallel ocean circulation , 1995 .

[252]  S. Sone,et al.  Ocean culture of Giant clam in Tonga , 1995 .

[253]  Glenn Sant.  Marine invertebrates of the South Pacific : an examination of the trade , 1995 .

[254]  R. Clive,et al.  Global climate change and coral reef: implications for people and reefs , 1995 .

[255]  D. Fiege,et al.  Observations on coral reefs of Hainan Island, South China Sea , 1994 .

[256]  C. Kepler,et al.  The natural history of Caroline Atoll, Southern Line Islands. Part I. History, physiography, botany, and isle descriptions , 1994 .

[257]  F. Wells.  Marine Molluscs of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands , 1994 .

[258]  J. Lucas.  The biology, exploitation, and mariculture of giant clams (Tridacnidae) , 1994 .

[259]  D. Klumpp,et al.  Contributions of phototrophic and heterotrophic nutrition to the metabolic and growth requirements of four species of giant clam (Tridacnidae) , 1994 .

[260]  Timothy S. Sherwood,et al.  An Overview of Guam's Inshore Fisheries , 1993 .

[261]  E. Hviding.  The rural context of giant clam mariculture in Solomon Islands: an anthropological study. , 1993 .

[262]  R. Galzin,et al.  Impact of tourism-related fishing on Tridacna maxima (Mollusca, Bivalvia) stocks in Bora-Bora Lagoon (French Polynesia) , 1993 .

[263]  C. Tisdell,et al.  Domestic Markets and Demand for Giant Clam Meat in the South Pacific Islands - Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa , 1992 .

[264]  Y. Latypov,et al.  Species composition and abundance of corals and other invertebrates on the reefs of the Seychelles Islands , 1992 .

[265]  C. Tisdell.  Giant clams in the sustainable development of the South Pacific: socioeconomic issues in mariculture and conservation. , 1992 .

[266]  R. Braley.  The Giant Clam: Hatchery and Nursery Culture Manual , 1992 .

[267]  J. Schneider.  Preliminary Cladistic analysis of the Bivalve Family Cardiidae , 1992 .

[268]  J. Norton,et al.  The Giant Clam: An Anatomical and Histological Atlas , 1992 .

[269]  D. Faith.  Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity , 1992 .

[270]  J. Lucas,et al.  Tridacna tevoroa Lucas, Ledua and Braley : a recently-described species of giant clam (Bivalvia; Tridacnidae) from Fiji and Tonga , 1991 .

[271]  R. Pearson,et al.  Growth, mortality and recruitment rates of giant clams, Tridacna gigas and T. derasa, at Michaelmas Reef, central great Barrier Reef, Australia , 1991 .

[272]  J. Barker.  Giant clams in the Maldives : a stock assessment and study of their potential for culture , 1991 .

[273]  Shijun Asato.  [TRADE AND EXCHANGE SYSTEMS IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA] The distribution of Tridacna shell adzes in the southern Ryukyu Islands , 1991 .

[274]  J. Alder,et al.  Serious mortality in populations of giant clams on reefs surrounding Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef , 1989 .

[275]  G. Paulay.  Marine invertebrates of the Pitcairn Islands: species composition and biogeography of corals, molluscs, and Echinoderms , 1989 .

[276]  C. Michel.  Marine molluscs of Mauritius , 1988 .

[277]  J. Lucas,et al.  Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific , 1988 .

[278]  G. Paulay.  Biology of the Cook Islands Bivalves, Part I. Heterodont Families , 1987 .

[279]  K. C. George,et al.  Ancillary living marine resources of Lakshadweep , 1986 .

[280]  B. Dawson.  Report on a Study of the Market for Giant Clam Products in Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore , 1986 .

[281]  Janet Brown,et al.  An investigation of stocks of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in Java and of their utilization and potential , 1985 .

[282]  A. Bodoy.  Assessment of human impact on giant clams, Tridacna maxima, near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia , 1984 .

[283]  R. Reid,et al.  Studies on the physiology of the giant clam Tridacna gig as linné—I. Feeding and digestion , 1984 .

[284]  K. Ramadoss.  Giant clam (Tridacna) resources , 1983 .

[285]  B. Morton.  The sea shore ecology of Hong Kong , 1983 .

[286]  N. M. Collins,et al.  The IUCN invertebrate red data book , 1983 .

[287]  P. Munro,et al.  Investigations on the substance which causes sperm release in tridacnid clams , 1983 .

[288]  J. Munro,et al.  Prospects for the commercial cultivation of Giant Clams , 1983 .

[289]  P. Sivadas,et al.  Zonation of molluscan assemblage at Kavaratti atoll (Laccadives) , 1979 .

[290]  M. Yamaguchi.  Conservation and cultivation of giant clams in the tropical Pacific , 1977 .

[291]  Y. Kotaki,et al.  Distribution of toxins in molluscs associated with coral reefs. , 1976 .

[292]  Virginia Orr Maes.  The littoral marine mollusks of Cocos-Keeling Islands (Indian Ocean) , 1967 .

[293]  J. Rosewater.  The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific , 1965 .

[294]  C. R. Stasek.  Behavioral adaptation of the giant clam Tridacna maxima to the presence of grazing fishes , 1965 .

[295]  P. Oppenheim.  Die Priabonaschichten und ihre Fauna im Zusammenhange mit gleichalterigen und analogen Ablagerungen , 1901 .