Photonic Crystal Structures and Applications: Perspective, Overview, and Development

In this paper, we present an overview of milestone achievements in the research and development of photonic crystal structures and their perspective applications. We highlight challenges in the analysis techniques, device design, efficient coupling techniques, and fabrication and characterization techniques for both planar and three-dimensional structures. We discuss extensively progress to date to overcome various aspects in the available modeling and simulation tools as well as the necessary fabrication procedures to produce functional photonic crystal structures and devices. Hence, the goal of the work presented in this paper is to present key building blocks, which will in turn facilitate the full utilization of the unique spatial and temporal properties of photonic crystal structures

[1]  Makoto Okano,et al.  Analysis of coupling between two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide and external waveguide , 2002 .

[2]  Gérard Tayeb,et al.  Self-guiding in two-dimensional photonic crystals. , 2003, Optics express.

[3]  Y. Vlasov,et al.  Ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuit with membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides. , 2003, Optics express.

[4]  Eric J. Kelmelis,et al.  Modeling and simulation of nanoscale devices with a desktop supercomputer , 2006, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[5]  W. Robertson,et al.  Transmission-line matrix modeling of superluminal electromagnetic-pulse tunneling through the forbidden gap in two-dimensional photonic band structures , 1997 .

[6]  Chan,et al.  Existence of a photonic gap in periodic dielectric structures. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[7]  E. Purcell.  Spontaneous Emission Probabilities at Radio Frequencies , 1995 .

[8]  Eli Yablonovitch,et al.  New Fabrication Techniques for High-Quality Photonic Crystals , 1997 .

[9]  Joshua N. Winn,et al.  Two-dimensional photonic band-gap materials , 1994 .

[10]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  Combination lithography for photonic-crystal circuits , 2004 .

[11]  Chan,et al.  Measurement of a three-dimensional photonic band gap in a crystal structure made of dielectric rods. , 1994, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[12]  L. Liu,et al.  Photonic band structure in the nearly plane wave approximation , 1999 .

[13]  T. V. Andersen,et al.  High-power intracavity frequency doubling of a Ti:sapphire femtosecond oscillator , 2003 .

[14]  E. Costard,et al.  Photonic band gaps and holography , 1997 .

[15]  Marin Soljacić,et al.  Superprism effect based on phase velocities. , 2004, Optics letters.

[16]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs , 1999 .

[17]  Shanhui Fan,et al.  Air‐bridge microcavities , 1995 .

[18]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  Finite-difference time-domain calculation of the spontaneous emission coupling factor in optical microcavities , 1999 .

[19]  Yoshimasa Sugimoto,et al.  AlGaAs-based two-dimensional photonic crystal slab with defect waveguides for planar lightwave circuit applications , 2002 .

[20]  Ekmel Ozbay,et al.  Photonic-crystal-based beam splitters , 2000 .

[21]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Three-dimensionally periodic dielectric layered structure with omnidirectional photonic band gap , 2000 .

[22]  Anders Karlsson,et al.  Numerical studies of mode gaps and coupling efficiency for line-defect waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystals , 2001 .

[23]  Kim,et al.  Two-dimensional photonic band-Gap defect mode laser , 1999, Science.

[24]  John D. Joannopoulos,et al.  Tapered couplers for efficient interfacing between dielectric and photonic crystal waveguides , 2001 .

[25]  Vladimir P. Bykov.  Spontaneous Emission in a Periodic Structure , 1972 .

[26]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  FPGA-based acceleration of the 3D finite-difference time-domain method , 2004, 12th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines.

[27]  E. Yablonovitch,et al.  Photonic band structure: The face-centered-cubic case. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[28]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  InGaAsP Photonic Band Gap Crystal Membrane Microresonators , 1998 .

[29]  John,et al.  Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[30]  A. Adibi,et al.  Properties of the slab modes in photonic crystal optical waveguides , 2000, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[31]  Shanhui Fan,et al.  Channel Drop Tunneling through Localized States , 1998 .

[32]  D. Prather,et al.  Three-dimensional lithographical fabrication of microchannels , 2005, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[33]  Hiroshi Ishikawa,et al.  Similar role of waveguide bends in photonic crystal circuits and disordered defects in coupled cavity waveguides: An intrinsic problem in realizing photonic crystal circuits , 2003 .

[34]  Zhang,et al.  Electromagnetic wave propagation in periodic structures: Bloch wave solution of Maxwell's equations. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[35]  J D Joannopoulos,et al.  Low-loss, wide-angle Y splitter at approximately ~1.6- mum wavelengths built with a two-dimensional photonic crystal. , 2002, Optics letters.

[36]  Robert G. Hunsperger,et al.  Integrated optics, theory and technology , 1982 .

[37]  Jingbo Cai,et al.  Parallel microgenetic algorithm design for photonic crystal and waveguide structures. , 2003, Optics letters.

[38]  Jin-Fa Lee,et al.  A perfectly matched anisotropic absorber for use as an absorbing boundary condition , 1995 .

[39]  Ekmel Ozbay,et al.  Double‐etch geometry for millimeter‐wave photonic band‐gap crystals , 1994 .

[40]  Dennis W Prather,et al.  Dispersion-based optical routing in photonic crystals. , 2004, Optics letters.

[41]  A Yariv,et al.  Adiabatic coupling between conventional dielectric waveguides and waveguides with discrete translational symmetry. , 2000, Optics letters.

[42]  Dennis W Prather,et al.  High-efficiency coupling structure for a single-line-defect photonic-crystal waveguide. , 2002, Optics letters.

[43]  Diana L. Huffaker,et al.  Optical characterization of two-dimensional photonic crystal cavities with indium arsenide quantum dot emitters , 2001 .

[44]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication , 1999, Nature.

[45]  Dennis W Prather,et al.  High transmission through waveguide bends by use of polycrystalline photonic-crystal structures. , 2003, Optics letters.

[46]  Jean-Pierre Berenger,et al.  A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves , 1994 .

[47]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  Revised plane wave method for dispersive material and its application to band structure calculations of photonic crystal slabs , 2005 .

[48]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  Modal reflectivity in finite-depth two-dimensional photonic-crystal microcavities , 1998 .

[49]  B. Temelkuran,et al.  Tight-binding description of the coupled defect modes in three-dimensional photonic crystals , 2000, Physical review letters.

[50]  Y Sakai,et al.  Photonic crystal waveguides utilizing a modulated lattice structure. , 2002, Optics letters.

[51]  Sriram Venkataraman,et al.  Self-collimation in 3D photonic crystals , 2005, SPIE OPTO.

[52]  Dennis W Prather,et al.  Plane-wave expansion method for calculating band structure of photonic crystal slabs with perfectly matched layers. , 2004, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[53]  Richard Ziolkowski,et al.  Two compact structures for perpendicular coupling of optical signals between dielectric and photonic crystal waveguides. , 2002, Optics express.

[54]  Dennis W Prather,et al.  Dispersion-based beam splitter in photonic crystals. , 2004, Optics letters.

[55]  C. Soukoulis,et al.  Low-reflection photonic-crystal taper for efficient coupling between guide sections of arbitrary widths. , 2002, Optics letters.

[56]  P. Kuchment,et al.  An Efficient Finite Element Method for Computing Spectra of Photonic and Acoustic Band-Gap Materials , 1999 .

[57]  Che Ting Chan,et al.  Photonic band gaps in three dimensions: New layer-by-layer periodic structures , 1994 .

[58]  George H. Watson,et al.  Optical Measurements of Photonic Band Structure in Colloidal Crystals , 1996 .

[59]  M. Notomi,et al.  Structural tuning of guiding modes of line-defect waveguides of silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal slabs , 2002 .

[60]  Min Qiu,et al.  Effective index method for heterostructure-slab-waveguide-based two-dimensional photonic crystals , 2002 .

[61]  T. Mayer,et al.  Finite-size effect on highly dispersive photonic-crystal optical components , 2003 .

[62]  J. A. Yarmoff,et al.  Self-limiting growth of transition-metal fluoride films from the reaction with XeF{sub 2} , 2001 .

[63]  Sailing He,et al.  FDTD method for computing the off-plane band structure in a two-dimensional photonic crystal consisting of nearly free-electron metals , 2002 .

[64]  E. Yablonovitch,et al.  Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[65]  Weidong Zhou,et al.  Electrically injected single-defect photonic bandgap surface-emitting laser at room temperature , 2000 .

[66]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  Fabrication of high-fill-factor photonic crystal devices on silicon-on-insulator substrates , 2003 .

[67]  V. P. Bykov,et al.  Spontaneous emission from a medium with a band spectrum , 1975 .

[68]  Leung,et al.  Full vector wave calculation of photonic band structures in face-centered-cubic dielectric media. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[69]  Dong Hoon Jang,et al.  Room-temperature triangular-lattice two-dimensional photonic band gap lasers operating at 1.54 μm , 2000 .

[70]  Masaya Notomi,et al.  Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals , 1999 .

[71]  Axel Scherer,et al.  Room temperature photonic crystal defect lasers at near-infrared wavelengths in InGaAsP , 1999 .

[72]  E. Jones,et al.  Highly dispersive photonic band-gap prism. , 1996, Optics letters.

[73]  Kai-Ming Ho,et al.  Dielectric waveguides in two-dimensional photonic bandgap materials , 1999 .

[74]  Xavier Letartre,et al.  Broadband optical characterization and modeling of photonic crystal waveguides for silicon optical interconnects , 2004 .

[75]  Henri Benisty,et al.  Time‐domain 2D modeling of slab‐waveguide based photonic‐crystal devices in the presence of radiation losses , 2002 .

[76]  J. Sturm,et al.  On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals , 2001, Nature.

[77]  A. Hale,et al.  Grating Assisted Coupling of Optical Fibers and Photonic Crystal Waveguides , 2002 .

[78]  John B. Pendry,et al.  Calculating photonic band structure , 1996 .

[79]  Susumu Noda,et al.  Structural dependence of coupling between a two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide and a wire waveguide , 2004 .

[80]  Sven Matthias,et al.  Large‐Area Three‐Dimensional Structuring by Electrochemical Etching and Lithography , 2004 .

[81]  Ekmel Ozbay,et al.  Heavy photons at coupled-cavity waveguide band edges in a three-dimensional photonic crystal , 2000 .

[82]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  Lasers incorporating 2D photonic bandgap mirrors , 1996 .

[83]  Axel Scherer,et al.  High Quality Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Slab Cavities , 2001 .

[84]  Jeremy Witzens,et al.  Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals , 2002 .

[85]  Susumu Noda,et al.  Trapping and emission of photons by a single defect in a photonic bandgap structure , 2000, Nature.

[86]  Toshiaki Tamamura,et al.  Photonic crystal polarisation splitters , 1999 .

[87]  Thomas F. Krauss,et al.  Photonic Microstructures as Laser Mirrors , 1998 .

[88]  Shouyuan Shi,et al.  Optimizing bending efficiency of self-collimated beams in non-channel planar photonic crystal waveguides. , 2003, Optics express.

[89]  Craig J. Hawker,et al.  Multi-Photon Polymerization of Waveguide Structures Within Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals , 2002 .

[90]  G H Watson,et al.  Interferometric technique for the measurement of photonic band structure in colloidal crystals. , 1995, Optics letters.

[91]  Hiroaki Misawa,et al.  Three-dimensional photonic crystal structures achieved with two-photon-absorption photopolymerization of resin , 1999 .

[92]  Y. Vlasov,et al.  Losses in single-mode silicon-on-insulator strip waveguides and bends. , 2004, Optics express.

[93]  S Fan,et al.  Elimination of cross talk in waveguide intersections. , 1998, Optics letters.

[94]  D.W. Prather,et al.  Hardware implementation of a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain algorithm , 2003, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[95]  Ekmel Ozbay,et al.  Micromachined millimeter‐wave photonic band‐gap crystals , 1994 .

[96]  Qi Zhang,et al.  Transmission modulation in the passband of polystyrene photonic crystals , 2003 .

[97]  N. Susa,et al.  Change in Transmittance due to Free carriers in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals , 2000 .

[98]  Chan,et al.  Order-N spectral method for electromagnetic waves. , 1995, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[99]  Ibrahim Abdulhalim,et al.  Reflective phase-only modulation using one-dimensional photonic crystals , 2000 .

[100]  Watson,et al.  Impurity modes in the optical stop bands of doped colloidal crystals. , 1996, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[101]  Axel Scherer,et al.  Methods for controlling positions of guided modes of photonic-crystal waveguides , 2001 .

[102]  Soon-Hong Kwon,et al.  Very-low-threshold photonic band-edge lasers from free-standing triangular photonic crystal slabs , 2002 .

[103]  D M Bloom,et al.  Terahertz spectroscopy of three-dimensional photonic band-gap crystals. , 1994, Optics letters.

[104]  Makoto Okano,et al.  Wider bandwidth with high transmission through waveguide bends in two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs , 2002 .

[105]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  Implementation of three-dimensional FPGA-based FDTD solvers: an architectural overview , 2003, 11th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines, 2003. FCCM 2003..

[106]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell's equations in a planewave basis. , 2001, Optics express.

[107]  Ekmel Ozbay,et al.  Propagation of photons by hopping: A waveguiding mechanism through localized coupled cavities in three-dimensional photonic crystals , 2000 .

[108]  Michel Piché,et al.  Photonic bandgaps in periodic dielectric structures , 1993 .

[109]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  Multilayer three-dimensional photolithography with traditional planar method , 2004 .

[110]  Toshihiko Baba,et al.  Light propagation characteristics of straight single-line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs fabricated into a silicon-on-insulator substrate , 2002 .

[111]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  Photonic bandgap disk laser , 1999 .

[112]  Shanhui Fan,et al.  Optical filters from photonic band gap air bridges , 1996 .

[113]  Melinda Piket-May,et al.  9 – Computational Electromagnetics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method , 2005 .

[114]  Dennis W Prather,et al.  Efficient terahertz coupling lens based on planar photonic crystals on silicon on insulator. , 2005, Optics letters.

[115]  Henri Benisty,et al.  Low-loss channel waveguides with two-dimensional photonic crystal boundaries , 2000 .

[116]  George H. Watson,et al.  PHOTONIC BAND STRUCTURE OF BCC COLLOIDAL CRYSTALS , 1997 .

[117]  J. Fleming,et al.  Three-dimensional photonic crystal with a stop band from 1.35 to 1.95 microm. , 1999, Optics letters.

[118]  Masaya Notomi,et al.  Photonic crystals for micro lightwave circuits using wavelength-dependent angular beam steering , 1999 .

[119]  J. Joannopoulos,et al.  High Transmission through Sharp Bends in Photonic Crystal Waveguides. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[120]  Oskar Painter,et al.  Efficient input and output fiber coupling to a photonic crystal waveguide. , 2004, Optics letters.

[121]  Masaya Notomi,et al.  Superprism Phenomena in Photonic Crystals , 1998 .

[122]  J. Joannopoulos,et al.  Donor and acceptor modes in photonic band structure. , 1991, Physical review letters.

[123]  Ingrid Moerman,et al.  Efficient photonic crystal Y-junctions , 2003 .

[124]  Robertson,et al.  Measurement of photonic band structure in a two-dimensional periodic dielectric array. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[125]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Emulation of two-dimensional photonic crystal defect modes in a photonic crystal with a three-dimensional photonic band gap , 2001 .

[126]  S Mias,et al.  Two physical mechanisms for boosting the quality factor to cavity volume ratio of photonic crystal microcavities. , 2004, Optics express.

[127]  Dennis W Prather,et al.  Experimental demonstration of self-collimation inside a three-dimensional photonic crystal. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[128]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  Measurement of spontaneous emission from a two-dimensional photonic band gap defined microcavity at near-infrared wavelengths , 1999 .

[129]  Watson,et al.  Photonic band structure of fcc colloidal crystals. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[130]  Edilson Camargo,et al.  2D Photonic crystal thermo-optic switch based on AlGaAs/GaAs epitaxial structure. , 2004, Optics express.

[131]  Axel Scherer,et al.  Photonic crystals for confining, guiding, and emitting light , 2002 .

[132]  T. Dillon,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional silicon tapers. , 2003, Optics express.

[133]  Akihisa Tomita,et al.  Photonic-crystal spot-size converter , 2000 .

[134]  Didier Felbacq,et al.  Multiplexing and demultiplexing with photonic crystals , 1999 .

[135]  Philippe Lalanne,et al.  Bloch-wave engineering for high-Q, small-V microcavities , 2003 .

[136]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  Fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystalsusing silicon micromachining , 2004 .

[137]  Yong-Hee Lee,et al.  Nondegenerate monopole-mode two-dimensional photonic band gap laser , 2001 .

[138]  Shlomo Hava,et al.  Wavenumber-modulated patterns of transmission through one- and two-dimensional gratings on a silicon substrate , 2001 .

[139]  A. Scherer,et al.  Waveguiding in Planar Photonic Crystals , 2000 .

[140]  Axel Scherer,et al.  Fabrication of Photonic Band-Gap Crystals , 1995 .

[141]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  Characterization and analysis of photonic crystal coupled waveguides , 2003 .

[142]  Eli Yablonovitch,et al.  Lithographic Band Gap Tuning in Photonic Band Gap Crystals , 1996 .

[143]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Waveguide branches in photonic crystals , 2001 .

[144]  Masanori Koshiba,et al.  Full-Vector Analysis of Photonic Crystal Fibers Using the Finite Element Method , 2002 .

[145]  M. Notomi,et al.  Waveguides, resonators and their coupled elements in photonic crystal slabs. , 2004, Optics express.

[146]  Ekmel Ozbay,et al.  Investigation of localized coupled-cavity modes in two-dimensional photonic bandgap structures , 2002 .

[147]  R. McPhedran,et al.  Photonic band structure calculations using scattering matrices. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[148]  Steven R. Flom,et al.  Nonlinear nanolayered polymers: ID photonic materials with applications to optical limiting , 2001, CLEO 2001.

[149]  A. Scherer,et al.  Design and fabrication of silicon photonic crystal optical waveguides , 2000, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[150]  P. Gourley,et al.  Microstructured semiconductor lasers for high-speed information processing , 1994, Nature.

[151]  J. Pasciak,et al.  An efficient method for band structure calculations in 3D photonic crystals , 1999 .

[152]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light , 1995 .

[153]  O. Painter,et al.  Lithographic tuning of a two-dimensional photonic crystal laser array , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[154]  P. Dapkus,et al.  Two-dimensional photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometers , 2003, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2003. CLEO '03..

[155]  T. Asano,et al.  High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal , 2003, Nature.

[156]  T. Happ,et al.  Photonic crystal tapers for ultracompact mode conversion. , 2001, Optics letters.

[157]  Nikolaj Moll,et al.  Comparison of three-dimensional photonic crystal slab waveguides with two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides: Efficient butt coupling into these photonic crystal waveguides , 2003 .

[158]  Pablo Sanchis,et al.  Mode matching technique for highly efficient coupling between dielectric waveguides and planar photonic crystal circuits. , 2002, Optics express.

[159]  Shanhui Fan,et al.  All-optical transistor action with bistable switching in a photonic crystal cross-waveguide geometry. , 2003, Optics letters.

[160]  J. Broeng,et al.  Low pump power photonic crystal fiber amplifiers , 2003, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2003. CLEO '03..

[161]  A. Tomita,et al.  Lightwave propagation through a 120° sharply bent single-line-defect photonic crystal waveguide , 2000 .

[162]  Eli Yablonovitch,et al.  Nanofabricated Three Dimensional Photonic Crystals Operating at Optical Wavelengths , 1996 .

[163]  Garrett J. Schneider,et al.  Interferometric investigation of photonic band-structure effects in pure and doped colloidal crystals , 1998 .

[164]  Ali Adibi,et al.  Design of photonic crystal optical waveguides with singlemode propagation in the photonic bandgap , 2000 .

[165]  J. G. Fleming,et al.  A three-dimensional optical photonic crystal , 1998 .

[166]  R. J. Tonucci,et al.  Two-dimensional photonic bandgap optical limiter in the visible. , 1998, Optics letters.

[167]  Axel Scherer,et al.  Defect Modes of a Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal in an Optically Thin Dielectric Slab , 1999 .

[168]  J. Joannopoulos,et al.  Experimental demonstration of guiding and bending of electromagnetic waves in a photonic crystal , 1998, Science.

[169]  John D. Joannopoulos,et al.  Novel applications of photonic band gap materials: Low-loss bends and high Q cavities , 1994 .

[170]  Henry I. Smith,et al.  Photonic-bandgap microcavities in optical waveguides , 1997, Nature.

[171]  John D. Joannopoulos,et al.  Existence of a photonic band gap in two dimensions , 1992 .

[172]  Anders Karlsson,et al.  Photonic crystal optical filter based on contra-directional waveguide coupling , 2003 .

[173]  Thomas F. Krauss,et al.  Beam steering in planar-photonic crystals: from superprism to supercollimator , 2003 .

[174]  Saulius Juodkazis,et al.  Microcavities in polymeric photonic crystals , 2001 .

[175]  R. G. Denning,et al.  Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography , 2000, Nature.

[176]  Amnon Yariv,et al.  Finite-difference time-domain calculation of spontaneous emission lifetime in a microcavity , 1999 .

[177]  Shouyuan Shi,et al.  Effective index method in modeling of high-index-contrast planar photonic crystals , 2004, SPIE OPTO.

[178]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Demonstration of highly efficient waveguiding in a photonic crystal slab at x=1.5{micro}m wavelengths , 2000 .

[179]  Henri Benisty,et al.  Models and measurements for the transmission of submicron-width waveguide bends defined in two-dimensional photonic crystals , 2002 .

[180]  Raj Mittra,et al.  Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis using distributed computing , 1994, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters.

[181]  Kurt Busch,et al.  PHOTONIC BAND GAP FORMATION IN CERTAIN SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEMS , 1998 .

[182]  Jun Wan,et al.  Enlargement of nontransmission frequency range in photonic crystals by using multiple heterostructures , 2000 .

[183]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Molding the flow of light , 2001, Comput. Sci. Eng..

[184]  Oskar Painter,et al.  Momentum space design of high-Q photonic crystal optical cavities. , 2002, Optics express.

[185]  H. Haus,et al.  Channel drop filters in photonic crystals. , 1998, Optics express.