Power Flow Direction Definitions for Metering of Bidirectional Power

The conception of an electronic-analog real-time hydroturbine simulator is presented as a companion paper to the hydrogenerator simulator previously published. Penstock, speed regula¬ tor and damping unit are accounted for. The system can 1) simulate any Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, or Propeller type of hydraulic turbine; 2) take care of the nonlinear relationships between power, water flow, speed, water head, and gate position from half nominal speed to load shedding speed. Four of these systems are in use with the high voltage direct current (HVDC) simulator and the transient network IEEE Power Engineering Review, September 1983 35