Cancer drug therapy and stochastic modeling of “nano-motors”

Background Controlled inhibition of kinesin motor proteins is highly desired in the field of oncology. Among other interventions, there exists “targeted chemotherapeutic regime/options” of selective Eg5 competitive and allosteric inhibitors, inducing cancer cell apoptosis and tumor regression with improved safety profiles. Research question Though promising, such studies are still under clinical trials, for the discovery of efficient and least harmful Eg5 inhibitors. The aim of this research was to bridge the computational modeling approach with drug design and therapy of cancer cells. Methods A computational model, interfaced with the clinical data of “Eg5 dynamics” and “inhibitors” via special functions, is presented in this article. Comparisons are made for the drug efficacy, and the threshold values are predicted through numerical simulations. Results Results are obtained to depict the dynamics induced by ispinesib, when used as an inhibitor of kinesin Eg5, on cancer cell lines.

[1]  Scott D. Hansen,et al.  Chromosome passenger complexes control anaphase duration and spindle elongation via a kinesin-5 brake , 2011, The Journal of cell biology.

[2]  G. Borisy,et al.  Microtubule dynamics at the G2/M transition: abrupt breakdown of cytoplasmic microtubules at nuclear envelope breakdown and implications for spindle morphogenesis , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[3]  P. Renhowe,et al.  Inhibitors of kinesin motor proteins--research and clinical progress. , 2005, Current opinion in drug discovery & development.

[4]  Min Liu,et al.  Ectopic expression of the microtubule‐dependent motor protein Eg5 promotes pancreatic tumourigenesis , 2010, The Journal of pathology.

[5]  Takashi Takahashi,et al.  Association between mitotic spindle checkpoint impairment and susceptibility to the induction of apoptosis by anti-microtubule agents in human lung cancers. , 2003, The American journal of pathology.

[6]  F. Brembeck,et al.  All-trans-Retinoic Acid-mediated Growth Inhibition Involves Inhibition of Human Kinesin-related Protein HsEg5* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[7]  James N. Weiss The Hill equation revisited: uses and misuses , 1997, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[8]  D. Compton,et al.  Spindle assembly in animal cells. , 2000, Annual review of biochemistry.

[9]  Steven M Block,et al.  KIF15 nanomechanics and kinesin inhibitors, with implications for cancer chemotherapeutics , 2018, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[10]  Giuseppe Da Prato,et al.  Kolmogorov Equations for Stochastic PDE's with Multiplicative Noise , 2007 .

[11]  Charles DiMarzio,et al.  Surface functionalization of gold nanoparticles using hetero-bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) spacer for intracellular tracking and delivery , 2006, International journal of nanomedicine.

[12]  M. K. Naskar,et al.  Modeling the neuron as a nanocommunication system to identify spatiotemporal molecular events in neurodegenerative disease , 2018, International journal of nanomedicine.

[13]  Y. Ishikawa,et al.  Structural basis of new allosteric inhibition in Kinesin spindle protein Eg5. , 2015, ACS chemical biology.

[14]  Nobutaka Hirokawa,et al.  Analysis of the kinesin superfamily: insights into structure and function. , 2005, Trends in cell biology.

[15]  S. Endow Microtubule motors in spindle and chromosome motility. , 1999, European journal of biochemistry.

[16]  Jie Zhang,et al.  The expression of Eg5 predicts a poor outcome for patients with renal cell carcinoma , 2013, Medical Oncology.

[17]  C. Rieder,et al.  Kinetochores capture astral microtubules during chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle: direct visualization in live newt lung cells , 1990, The Journal of cell biology.

[18]  S. Carradori,et al.  Crystal structure of the Eg5 - K858 complex and implications for structure-based design of thiadiazole-containing inhibitors. , 2018, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

[19]  H. Lane,et al.  Phosphorylation by p34cdc2 regulates spindle association of human Eg5, a kinesin-related motor essential for bipolar spindle formation in vivo , 1995, Cell.

[20]  T. Gershon,et al.  A New Way to Treat Brain Tumors: Targeting Proteins Coded by Microcephaly Genes? , 2018, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[21]  A. W. Schüttelkopf,et al.  The structure of the ternary Eg5–ADP–ispinesib complex , 2012, Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography.

[22]  S. Akinaga,et al.  A phase 1 and dose-finding study of LY2523355 (litronesib), an Eg5 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors , 2014, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology.

[23]  Ambarish Kunwar,et al.  Robust transport by multiple motors with nonlinear force–velocity relations and stochastic load sharing , 2010, Physical biology.

[24]  Weikang Tao,et al.  Induction of apoptosis by an inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin KSP requires both activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint and mitotic slippage. , 2005, Cancer cell.

[25]  R. Vale,et al.  The way things move: looking under the hood of molecular motor proteins. , 2000, Science.

[26]  Paul C. Bressloff,et al.  Stochastic Processes in Cell Biology , 2014, Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics.

[27]  Oliver Rath,et al.  Kinesins and cancer , 2012, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[28]  Xudong Wang,et al.  The prognostic role of Eg5 expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. , 2016, Pathology.

[29]  Helder Maiato,et al.  Stuck in division or passing through: what happens when cells cannot satisfy the spindle assembly checkpoint. , 2004, Developmental cell.

[30]  Gautier Robin,et al.  In vitro screening for inhibitors of the human mitotic kinesin Eg5 with antimitotic and antitumor activities. , 2004, Molecular cancer therapeutics.

[31]  J. Tabony Morphological bifurcations involving reaction-diffusion processes during microtubule formation. , 1994, Science.

[32]  Paul A Wender,et al.  Function-oriented synthesis, step economy, and drug design. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[33]  H. Saya,et al.  K858, a novel inhibitor of mitotic kinesin Eg5 and antitumor agent, induces cell death in cancer cells. , 2009, Cancer research.

[34]  Scott Forth,et al.  Measuring Pushing and Braking Forces Generated by Ensembles of Kinesin-5 Crosslinking Two Microtubules. , 2015, Developmental cell.

[35]  H. Nishiyama,et al.  Overexpression of Eg5 predicts unfavorable prognosis in non‐muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma , 2011, International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association.

[36]  Pan‐Chyr Yang,et al.  Kinesin-5 Contributes to Spindle-length Scaling in the Evolution of Cancer toward Metastasis , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[37]  E. Peterman,et al.  Allosteric inhibition of kinesin-5 modulates its processive directional motility , 2006, Nature chemical biology.

[38]  R. Robinson,et al.  Structural basis of small molecule ATPase inhibition of a human mitotic kinesin motor protein , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[39]  P. Coleman,et al.  Discovery and biochemical characterization of selective ATP competitive inhibitors of the human mitotic kinesin KSP. , 2008, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[40]  M. Justice,et al.  Activation of Hex and mEg5 by retroviral insertion may contribute to mouse B-cell leukemia , 1999, Oncogene.

[41]  M. Jordan,et al.  Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs , 2004, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[42]  B. Davies,et al.  Using Automated Image Analysis Algorithms to Distinguish Normal, Aberrant, and Degenerate Mitotic Figures Induced by Eg5 Inhibition , 2016, Toxicologic pathology.

[43]  Ralf Metzler,et al.  How Molecular Motors Work in the Crowded Environment of Living Cells: Coexistence and Efficiency of Normal and Anomalous Transport , 2014, PloS one.

[44]  M. Justice,et al.  Overexpression of Eg5 causes genomic instability and tumor formation in mice. , 2007, Cancer research.

[45]  T. Golub,et al.  Niche-Based Screening in Multiple Myeloma Identifies a Kinesin-5 Inhibitor with Improved Selectivity over Hematopoietic Progenitors. , 2015, Cell reports.

[46]  G. Lyons,et al.  Expression of the Mitotic Motor Protein Eg5 in Postmitotic Neurons: Implications for Neuronal Development , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[47]  J. Mosquera,et al.  Precision Molecular Pathology of Prostate Cancer , 2018, Molecular Pathology Library.