Towards a molecular pathway for myoblast fusion in Drosophila.

Intercellular fusion among myoblasts is required for the generation of multinucleated muscle fibers during skeletal muscle development. Recent studies in Drosophila have shed light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie this process, and a signaling pathway that relays fusion signals from the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton has emerged. In this article, we review these recent advances and discuss how Drosophila offers a powerful model system to study myoblast fusion in vivo.

[1]  J. Barbet,et al.  Immaturity of muscle fibers in the congenital form of myotonic dystrophy: Its consequences and its origin , 1988, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[2]  S. Bernstein,et al.  Drosophila paramyosin is important for myoblast fusion and essential for myofibril formation , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[3]  Hanh T. Nguyen,et al.  Drosophila Lame duck, a novel member of the Gli superfamily, acts as a key regulator of myogenesis by controlling fusion-competent myoblast development. , 2001, Development.

[4]  H. Radhakrishna,et al.  ARF6 requirement for Rac ruffling suggests a role for membrane trafficking in cortical actin rearrangements. , 1999, Journal of cell science.

[5]  T. Wolfsberg,et al.  Virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. , 1996, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[6]  O. Pourquié,et al.  BEN/SC1/DM-GRASP Expression during Neuromuscular Development: a Cell Adhesion Molecule Regulated by Innervation , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[7]  J. Lamerdin,et al.  Structure of the gene for congenital nephrotic syndrome of the finnish type (NPHS1) and characterization of mutations. , 1999, American journal of human genetics.

[8]  K. White,et al.  Patterns of Gene Expression During Drosophila Mesoderm Development , 2001, Science.

[9]  Elizabeth H. Chen,et al.  Control of Myoblast Fusion by a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Loner, and Its Effector ARF6 , 2003, Cell.

[10]  M. Bate,et al.  The development of Drosophila melanogaster , 1993 .

[11]  H. Sink,et al.  Characterization of Drosophila hibris, a gene related to human nephrin. , 2001, Development.

[12]  M. Wakelam The fusion of myoblasts. , 1985, The Biochemical journal.

[13]  P. Chavrier,et al.  The role of ARF and Rab GTPases in membrane transport. , 1999, Current opinion in cell biology.

[14]  H. Sink,et al.  Myoblast fusion in Drosophila. , 2002, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[15]  C. L. Jackson,et al.  Regulators and effectors of the ARF GTPases. , 2000, Current opinion in cell biology.

[16]  S. M. Abmayr,et al.  Drosophila myoblast city Encodes a Conserved Protein That Is Essential for Myoblast Fusion, Dorsal Closure, and Cytoskeletal Organization , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[17]  K. Ravichandran,et al.  Cues for apoptotic cell engulfment: eat-me, don't eat-me and come-get-me signals. , 2003, Trends in cell biology.

[18]  S. M. Abmayr,et al.  Drosophila SNS, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is essential for myoblast fusion. , 2000, Genes & development.

[19]  R. Artero,et al.  The immunoglobulin-like protein Hibris functions as a dose-dependent regulator of myoblast fusion and is differentially controlled by Ras and Notch signaling. , 2001, Development.

[20]  M. Rudnicki,et al.  The potential of muscle stem cells. , 2001, Developmental cell.

[21]  M. Bate,et al.  Drosophila Dumbfounded A Myoblast Attractant Essential for Fusion , 2000, Cell.

[22]  A. Ridley,et al.  Rho family proteins: coordinating cell responses. , 2001, Trends in cell biology.

[23]  C. Goodman,et al.  Genetic Analysis of Myoblast Fusion: blown fuse Is Required for Progression Beyond the Prefusion Complex , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[24]  Gerald R. Fink,et al.  Unconventional Rac-GEF activity is mediated through the Dock180–ELMO complex , 2002, Nature Cell Biology.

[25]  K. Fischbach,et al.  rst and its paralogue kirre act redundantly during embryonic muscle development in Drosophila. , 2001, Development.

[26]  Thorsten Lang,et al.  Membrane fusion. , 2002, Current opinion in cell biology.

[27]  B. Antonny,et al.  A human exchange factor for ARF contains Sec7- and pleckstrin-homology domains , 1996, Nature.

[28]  L. Luo,et al.  Rac function and regulation during Drosophila development , 2002, Nature.

[29]  A. Michelson,et al.  rolling pebbles (rols) is required in Drosophila muscle precursors for recruitment of myoblasts for fusion. , 2001, Development.

[30]  J. Settleman,et al.  Myoblast city, the Drosophila homolog of DOCK180/CED-5, is required in a Rac signaling pathway utilized for multiple developmental processes. , 1998, Genes & development.

[31]  S. M. Abmayr,et al.  Identification of a Drosophila homologue to vertebrate Crk by interaction with MBC. , 1999, Gene.

[32]  M. Bate,et al.  Mutations in a novel gene, myoblast city, provide evidence in support of the founder cell hypothesis for Drosophila muscle development. , 1995, Development.

[33]  Elizabeth H. Chen,et al.  Antisocial, an intracellular adaptor protein, is required for myoblast fusion in Drosophila. , 2001, Developmental cell.

[34]  A. Paululat,et al.  Essential genes for myoblast fusion in Drosophila embryogenesis , 1999, Mechanisms of Development.

[35]  M. Bate,et al.  The embryonic development of larval muscles in Drosophila. , 1990, Development.

[36]  L. Van Aelst,et al.  Rho GTPases and signaling networks. , 1997, Genes & development.

[37]  M. Buckingham Skeletal muscle formation in vertebrates. , 2001, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[38]  L. Balagopalan,et al.  Cell and molecular biology of myoblast fusion. , 2003, International review of cytology.

[39]  W. Chia,et al.  Drosophila rolling pebbles: a multidomain protein required for myoblast fusion that recruits D-Titin in response to the myoblast attractant Dumbfounded. , 2001, Developmental cell.

[40]  D. Featherstone,et al.  Drosophila D-titin is required for myoblast fusion and skeletal muscle striation. , 2000, Journal of cell science.

[41]  M. Frasch Controls in patterning and diversification of somatic muscles during Drosophila embryogenesis. , 1999, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[42]  C Upton,et al.  A new family of lipolytic enzymes? , 1995, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[43]  Zhenbiao Yang,et al.  RHO Gtpases and the Actin Cytoskeleton , 2000 .

[44]  R. Meyermann,et al.  Abundant minute myotubes in a patient who later developed centronuclear myopathy , 1998, Acta Neuropathologica.

[45]  M. Suster,et al.  myoblasts incompetent encodes a zinc finger transcription factor required to specify fusion-competent myoblasts in Drosophila. , 2002, Development.

[46]  Valerie Horsley,et al.  Forming a Multinucleated Cell: Molecules That Regulate Myoblast Fusion , 2004, Cells Tissues Organs.

[47]  C. Rieder,et al.  Greatwall kinase , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.