Geometric modelling of linear CCDs and panoramic imagers

With only a few exceptions, optical spaceborne cameras are CCD-line cameras. The different orientation methods such as the mathematical correct geometric reconstruction, the sensor oriented, bias corrected rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) and the approximate solutions such as 3-D affine transformation, direct linear transformation and terrain dependent RPCs are described with their potential, problems and required number and distribution of control points. Aerial CCD-line scanner systems today are in use as three-line scanners, usually supported by GPS and inertial measurement units (IMU). The aerial triangulation of three line scanners, required for reliable and more precise results, is discussed. Panoramic imagers have been used in space by the CORONA and the KVR1000 systems. Their high resolution images are still important today. In addition, aerial panoramic imagers are in use mainly for military applications. The geometric handling of panoramic images by transformation to perspective geometry and the determination of the platform motion influence by self calibration with special additional parameters is explained.