Analysis of requirements engineering techniques for IT-enabled product service systems

Product service systems (PSS) are introduced by many companies to increase their differentiation and to provide integrated solutions to customers. PSS are integrated solutions consisting of physical products, software and services aiming at providing an individualized solution to a customer's problem. The specific attributes of PSS lead to specific requirements for requirements engineering (RE). The goal of this paper is to analyze to which degree the analysis techniques of software engineering are suitable for PSS. We therefore conducted a structured literature review of software engineering techniques. The criteria for assessing the suitability of the techniques were based on the characteristics of PSS and the task of RE in the development process of PSS. We analyzed five textbooks and 144 scientific articles and identified 27 groups of techniques. The result is that there are major gaps in techniques for RE for PSS. Two of ten criteria are not satisfied by any technique. Moreover, for the majority of tasks of RE multiple techniques have to be combined for satisfying the criteria. In summary, the literature review shows that the techniques of software engineering are largely not directly applicable to PSS.

[1]  Richard Riehle,et al.  Playscript for use cases , 2008, SOEN.

[2]  A. Davies.  Moving base into high-value integrated solutions: a value stream approach , 2004 .

[3]  Jan Marco Leimeister,et al.  Requirements Engineering for Hybrid Products as Bundles of Hardware, Software and Service Elements - A Literature Review , 2009, Wirtschaftsinformatik.

[4]  Ajay K. Kohli,et al.  Rethinking Customer Solutions: From Product Bundles to Relational Processes , 2007 .

[5]  B. Edvardsson,et al.  Key Concepts for New Service Development , 1996 .

[6]  D. Spath,et al.  Entwicklung hybrider Produkte — Gestaltung materieller und immaterieller Leistungsbündel , 2006 .

[7]  Nan Niu,et al.  So, You Think You Know Others' Goals? A Repertory Grid Study , 2007, IEEE Software.

[8]  BudgenDavid,et al.  Lessons from applying the systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain , 2007 .

[9]  A. Berztiss,et al.  Requirements Engineering , 2002, J. Object Technol..

[10]  Moez Limayem,et al.  The role of modelling in achieving information systems success: UML to the rescue? , 2009, Inf. Syst. J..

[11]  Jan Marco Leimeister,et al.  Suitability of Product Development Methods for Hybrid Products as Bundles of Classic Products, Software and Service Elements , 2009 .

[12]  John R. English.  Quality Function Deployment: Integrating Customer Requirements into Product Design , 1993 .

[13]  Amy P. Felty,et al.  Feature specification and automated conflict detection , 2003, TSEM.

[14]  Sjaak Brinkkemper,et al.  Method engineering: engineering of information systems development methods and tools , 1996, Inf. Softw. Technol..

[15]  Olly Gotel,et al.  An analysis of the requirements traceability problem , 1994, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering.

[16]  Robert W. Zmud,et al.  A Synthesis of Research on Requirements Analysis and Knowledge Acquisition Techniques , 1992, MIS Q..

[17]  Aldo Dagnino,et al.  Deriving Goals from a Use-Case Based Requirements Specification , 2001, Requirements Engineering.

[18]  Gregory D. Schumacher,et al.  IEEE Guide for Developing System Requirements Specifications , 1999 .

[19]  Helmut Krcmar,et al.  Hybride Produkte: Merkmale und Herausforderungen , 2007 .

[20]  Steffen Greiffenberg,et al.  Methodenentwicklung in Wirtschaft und Verwaltung , 2004 .

[21]  Bashar Nuseibeh,et al.  Requirements engineering: a roadmap , 2000, ICSE '00.

[22]  Christian van Husen.  Anforderungsanalyse für produktbegleitende Dienstleistungen , 2007 .

[23]  Kimberly S. Wasson,et al.  A Case Study in Systematic Improvement of Language for Requirements , 2006, 14th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE'06).

[24]  Linda A. Macaulay.  Requirements for requirements engineering techniques , 1996, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Requirements Engineering.

[25]  Stuart J. Barnes,et al.  An empirical exploration of requirements engineering for hybrid products , 2009 .

[26]  Didar Zowghi,et al.  Requirements Elicitation: A Survey of Techniques, Approaches, and Tools , 2005 .

[27]  Tim C. McAloone,et al.  Product/Service-System Development: An Explorative Case Study In A Manufacturing Company , 2007 .

[28]  Axel van Lamsweerde,et al.  Requirements Engineering: From System Goals to UML Models to Software Specifications , 2009 .

[29]  Jan Marco Leimeister,et al.  Hybride Produkte – Einordnung und Herausforderungen für die Wirtschaftsinformatik , 2008, Wirtschaftsinf..

[30]  Barbara Paech,et al.  Icrad: an Integrated Process for the Solution of Requirements Conflicts and Architectural Design , 2006, Int. J. Softw. Eng. Knowl. Eng..

[31]  Behrouz Homayoun Far,et al.  A methodology for the selection of requirements engineering techniques , 2008, Software & Systems Modeling.

[32]  Axel van Lamsweerde,et al.  Requirements engineering in the year 00: a research perspective , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Software Engineering. ICSE 2000 the New Millennium.

[33]  Alan M. Davis,et al.  A Unified Model of Requirements Elicitation , 2004, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[34]  M. Berkovich.  Requirements engineering for IT-enabled product service systems , 2010 .

[35]  Claes Wohlin,et al.  Engineering and Managing Software Requirements , 2005 .

[36]  Pearl Brereton,et al.  Lessons from applying the systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain , 2007, J. Syst. Softw..

[37]  Jan Marco Leimeister,et al.  An empirical exploration of requirements engineering for hybrid products , 2009, ECIS.

[38]  Helmut Krcmar.  Aufgabe des Informationsmanagements: Management der Informationssysteme , 2010 .

[39]  M.J. Bickerton,et al.  The classification of requirements engineering methods , 1993, [1993] Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering.

[40]  Matthias Jarke,et al.  Requirements tracing , 1998, CACM.

[41]  Yongtae Park,et al.  Development of an integrated product‐service roadmap with QFD , 2008 .

[42]  Yoji Akao,et al.  Quality Function Deployment : Integrating Customer Requirements into Product Design , 1990 .

[43]  Klaus Pohl.  Requirements Engineering - Grundlagen, Prinzipien, Techniken (2. Aufl.) , 2008 .

[44]  Mohanbir Sawhney,et al.  Going beyond the product: Defining, designing, and delivering customer solutions , 2006 .

[45]  Paul Grünbacher.  Collaborative requirements negotiation with EasyWinWin , 2000, Proceedings 11th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications.

[46]  Glenn J. Browne,et al.  An Empirical Investigation of User Requirements Elicitation: Comparing the Effectiveness of Prompting Techniques , 2001, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[47]  Reiko Heckel,et al.  Detection of conflicting functional requirements in a use case-driven approach , 2002, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering. ICSE 2002.

[48]  Venkataraman Ramesh,et al.  Improving information requirements determination: a cognitive perspective , 2002, Inf. Manag..

[49]  Pearl Brereton,et al.  Systematic literature reviews in software engineering - A systematic literature review , 2009, Inf. Softw. Technol..

[50]  Ian Sommerville,et al.  Viewpoints: principles, problems and a practical approach to requirements engineering , 1997, Ann. Softw. Eng..

[51]  Alan M. Davis,et al.  Elicitation technique selection: how do experts do it? , 2003, Proceedings. 11th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, 2003..

[52]  Michael Schermann,et al.  Systematische Überführung von kundenspezifischen IT-Lösungen in integrierte Produkt-Dienstleistungsbausteine mit der SCORE-Methode , 2008, Wirtschaftsinf..

[53]  Neil A. M. Maiden,et al.  ACRE: selecting methods for requirements acquisition , 1996, Softw. Eng. J..

[54]  Ian Sommerville,et al.  Requirements Engineering: Processes and Techniques , 1998 .

[55]  Jaco H. Appelman,et al.  Designing mobile information services: user requirements elicitation with GSS design and application of a repeatable process , 2004 .

[56]  Jay R. Galbraith.  Organizing to Deliver Solutions , 2002 .