Extent of resection influences outcomes for patients with gliomas.

In recent years, advances in our understanding of the biology of low-grade gliomas (LGG) and high-grade gliomas (HGG) have driven new paradigms in molecular markers, diagnostic imaging, operative techniques and technologies, and adjuvant therapies. Taken together, these developments are collectively pushing the envelope towards improved quality of life and survival. Here, we review the recent literature to synthesize a comprehensive review of the value of extent of resection for LGGs and HGGs in the modern neurosurgical era.

[1]  Fabrice Kwiatkowski,et al.  Low grade supratentorial astrocytomas. Management and prognostic factors , 1994, Cancer.

[2]  R. Makuch,et al.  Variations in the natural history and survival of patients with supratentorial low-grade astrocytomas. , 1996, Neurosurgery.

[3]  Walter Curran,et al.  Phase III trial of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone for pure and mixed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Intergroup Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9402. , 2006, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[4]  A. Karim,et al.  A randomized trial on dose-response in radiation therapy of low-grade cerebral glioma: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Study 22844. , 1996, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[5]  Mitsutoshi Nakamura,et al.  Analysis of Prognostic and Survival Factors Related to Treatment of Low-Grade Astrocytomas in Adults , 2000, Oncology.

[6]  B. Fisher,et al.  Ki-67: a prognostic factor for low-grade glioma? , 2002, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[7]  M. Berger,et al.  Insular glioma resection: assessment of patient morbidity, survival, and tumor progression. , 2010, Journal of neurosurgery.

[8]  F. Langmark,et al.  Progress in long-term survival in adult patients with supratentorial low-grade gliomas: a population-based study of 993 patients in whom tumors were diagnosed between 1970 and 1993. , 2003, Journal of neurosurgery.

[9]  B. Fisher,et al.  Pretreatment factors predict overall survival for patients with low-grade glioma: a recursive partitioning analysis. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[10]  B. Fisher,et al.  Supratentorial low-grade glioma in adults: an analysis of prognostic factors and timing of radiation. , 1997, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[11]  H. Duffau,et al.  Intra-Operative Direct Electrical Stimulations of the Central Nervous System: The Salpêtrière Experience With 60 Patients , 1999, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[12]  J. Henson,et al.  Age-dependent rate of anaplastic transformation in low-grade astrocytoma , 1999, Neurology.

[13]  E. Shaw,et al.  Recurrence following neurosurgeon-determined gross-total resection of adult supratentorial low-grade glioma: results of a prospective clinical trial. , 2008, Journal of neurosurgery.

[14]  S. Piantadosi,et al.  Low‐grade cerebral astrocytomas: Survival and quality of life after radiation therapy , 1990, Cancer.

[15]  G. Ojemann,et al.  Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. , 1989, Journal of neurosurgery.

[16]  D. Áfra,et al.  Histologically confirmed changes on CT of reoperated low-grade astrocytomas , 1997, Neuroradiology.

[17]  M. Scerrati,et al.  Prognostic factors in low grade (WHO grade II) gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres: the role of surgery. , 1996, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[18]  G. Neuloh,et al.  Insular gliomas: the case for surgical management. , 2009, Journal of neurosurgery.

[19]  C. Lui,et al.  Treatment outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with supratentorial low-grade gliomas. , 2005, The British journal of radiology.

[20]  M. McGirt,et al.  Recurrence and malignant degeneration after resection of adult hemispheric low-grade gliomas. , 2010, Journal of neurosurgery.

[21]  Philippe Cornu,et al.  Randomized trial on the efficacy of radiotherapy for cerebral low-grade glioma in the adult: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Study 22845 with the Medical Research Council study BRO4: an interim analysis. , 2002, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[22]  A. Peraud,et al.  Clinical Outcome of Supratentorial Astrocytoma WHO Grade II , 1998, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[23]  Stéphane Lehéricy,et al.  Long-term brain plasticity allowing a multistage surgical approach to World Health Organization Grade II gliomas in eloquent areas. , 2008, Journal of neurosurgery.

[24]  Mitchel S Berger,et al.  Seizure characteristics and control following resection in 332 patients with low-grade gliomas. , 2008, Journal of neurosurgery.

[25]  Susan M. Chang,et al.  Preoperative prognostic classification system for hemispheric low-grade gliomas in adults. , 2008, Journal of neurosurgery.

[26]  P. Kleihues,et al.  Genetic pathways to primary and secondary glioblastoma. , 2007, The American journal of pathology.

[27]  Long-term outcome and survival of surgically treated supratentorial low-grade glioma in adult patients. , 2009, Acta neurochirurgica.

[28]  J H Philippon,et al.  Supratentorial low-grade astrocytomas in adults. , 1993, Neurosurgery.

[29]  Susan M. Chang,et al.  Role of extent of resection in the long-term outcome of low-grade hemispheric gliomas. , 2008, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[30]  N. Stocchetti,et al.  Cortical and subcortical motor mapping in rolandic and perirolandic glioma surgery: impact on postoperative morbidity and extent of resection. , 2007, Journal of neurosurgical sciences.

[31]  M. Berger,et al.  GLIOMA EXTENT OF RESECTION AND ITS IMPACT ON PATIENT OUTCOME , 2008, Neurosurgery.

[32]  L. Deangelis,et al.  High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue as initial therapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up. , 2006, Neuro-oncology.

[33]  Ying Mao,et al.  CLINICAL EVALUATION AND FOLLOW‐UP OUTCOME OF DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING‐BASED FUNCTIONAL NEURONAVIGATION: A PROSPECTIVE, CONTROLLED STUDY IN PATIENTS WITH GLIOMAS INVOLVING PYRAMIDAL TRACTS , 2007, Neurosurgery.

[34]  J. Drake,et al.  Development of anaplastic changes in low-grade astrocytomas of childhood. , 1994, Neurosurgery.

[35]  G A Ojemann,et al.  Functional cortex and subcortical white matter located within gliomas. , 1996, Neurosurgery.

[36]  Mark Bernstein,et al.  Multiinstitutional validation of the University of California at San Francisco Low-Grade Glioma Prognostic Scoring System. Clinical article. , 2009, Journal of neurosurgery.

[37]  D. Kondziolka,et al.  Survival after stereotactic biopsy and irradiation of cerebral nonanaplastic, nonpilocytic astrocytoma. , 1995, Journal of neurosurgery.

[38]  M. Berger,et al.  Preoperative correlation of intraoperative cortical mapping with magnetic resonance imaging landmarks to predict localization of the Broca area. , 2003, Journal of neurosurgery.

[39]  Charles B. Wilson,et al.  Proliferative potential and prognostic evaluation of low-grade astrocytomas , 2005, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[40]  B. Fisher,et al.  Low Grade Glioma: A Measuring Radiographic Response to Radiotherapy , 1999, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

[41]  P. Warnke,et al.  Low grade supratentorial astrocytomas: Management and prognostic factors , 1994, Cancer.

[42]  Y. Shibamoto,et al.  Supratentorial low‐grade astrocytoma. Correlation of computed tomography findings with effect of radiation therapy and prognostic variables , 1993, Cancer.

[43]  D. Misailidou,et al.  Randomized phase II study of temozolomide and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[44]  H. Duffau Lessons from brain mapping in surgery for low-grade glioma: insights into associations between tumour and brain plasticity , 2005, The Lancet Neurology.

[45]  M. Prados,et al.  Gemistocytic astrocytomas: a reappraisal. , 1991, Journal of neurosurgery.

[46]  J. Drake,et al.  Development of anaplastic changes in low-grade astrocytomas of childhood. , 1994 .

[47]  A. Bricolo,et al.  Prognostic factors in low-grade supratentorial astrocytomas: a uni-multivariate statistical analysis in 76 surgically treated adult patients. , 1995, Surgical neurology.

[48]  H. Bloom,et al.  Low grade glioma of the cerebral hemispheres in adults: a retrospective analysis of 88 cases. , 1990, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[49]  Luc Taillandier,et al.  Prognostic value of initial magnetic resonance imaging growth rates for World Health Organization grade II gliomas , 2006, Annals of neurology.

[50]  Adam Waldman,et al.  Volumes and growth rates of untreated adult low-grade gliomas indicate risk of early malignant transformation. , 2009, European journal of radiology.

[51]  B. Scheithauer,et al.  Prospective randomized trial of low- versus high-dose radiation therapy in adults with supratentorial low-grade glioma: initial report of a North Central Cancer Treatment Group/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. , 2002, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[52]  Henry Brem,et al.  EXTENT OF SURGICAL RESECTION IS INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH HEMISPHERIC INFILTRATING LOW‐GRADE GLIOMAS , 2008, Neurosurgery.

[53]  K. Skullerud,et al.  Survival, prognostic factors, and therapeutic efficacy in low-grade glioma: a retrospective study in 379 patients. , 1997, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[54]  Olga Ciccarelli,et al.  Low-grade gliomas: six-month tumor growth predicts patient outcome better than admission tumor volume, relative cerebral blood volume, and apparent diffusion coefficient. , 2009, Radiology.

[55]  Martin J. van den Bent,et al.  Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[56]  F. Jolesz,et al.  Survival rates in patients with low‐grade glioma after intraoperative magnetic resonance image guidance , 2005, Cancer.

[57]  Mitchel S Berger,et al.  Intraoperative subcortical stimulation mapping for hemispherical perirolandic gliomas located within or adjacent to the descending motor pathways: evaluation of morbidity and assessment of functional outcome in 294 patients. , 2004, Journal of neurosurgery.

[58]  C. Avezaat,et al.  Supratentorial low grade astrocytoma: prognostic factors, dedifferentiation, and the issue of early versus late surgery , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[59]  C. Miller,et al.  Glioblastoma: Morphologic and molecular genetic diversity , 2007 .

[60]  Ron Kikinis,et al.  Volumetric assessment of tumor infiltration of adjacent white matter based on anatomic MRI and diffusion tensor tractography. , 2007, Academic radiology.

[61]  M. Walker,et al.  An analysis of dose-effect relationship in the radiotherapy of malignant gliomas. , 1979, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[62]  B. Fisher,et al.  Adult supratentorial low-grade glioma: long-term experience at a single institution. , 2009, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[63]  Mitchel S Berger,et al.  Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[64]  A. Rezvan,et al.  Long-term outcome and survival of surgically treated supratentorial low-grade glioma in adult patients , 2009, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[65]  K. Aldape,et al.  Diagnostic, treatment, and demographic factors influencing survival in a population-based study of adult glioma patients in the San Francisco Bay Area. , 2006, Neuro-oncology.